
©yART. 


NEW YORK: 

IYIS0I7, PHIITNEY, BLi'KEHiK & CO 

S. CHICAGO: S, 0, GRIGGS & CO. 


I 









































« 


y 


i 



SANDERS’ 


UNION SPELLER: 


BEING 


A CLEAR AND COMPLETE EXHIBITION 


O F 


ENGLISH ORTHOGRAPHY AND ORTHOEPY, 


O N 


TIIE BASIS OF THE NEW ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF WEBSTER’S 
GREAT AMERICAN DICTIONARY, 


TOGETHER WITH 


NUMEROUS EXERCISES IN SYNONYMS, IN OPPOSITES, IN ANALYSIS, 


AND IN FORMAL DEFINITION ; THE WHOLE ADAPTED TO 
THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. 




BY CHARLES W. SANDERS, A.M., 


n 


AUTHOR OF “SERIES OF SCHOOL READERS;” “ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH WORDS j” 
“ELEMENTARY AND ELOCUTIONARY CHART,” ETC., ETC. 

. 1 / i ruvtn * *0 


.j 


\ Wo.. 


4T . 


& 




NEW YORK: 


V ' ■ ^ . 


IYISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN & CO. 

CHICAGO: S. O. GRIGGS & CO. 


1866 . 


— 


O' 


, 





















PREFACE. 7 i\ S 

The aim in this book has been to bring into shape, suit¬ 
able for daily use in the schools, the clear and complete 
exhibition of English Orthography and Orthoepy, found in 
the last edition of Webster’s great American Dictionary. 

The plan adopted for this purpose is, in several respects, 
quite out of the beaten track for works of this kind. 

This will especially appear , in the series of exercises on 
the powers and uses of the vowels, which, though prepared 
for this special purpose, have, nevertheless, all the sim¬ 
plicity of ordinary spelling lessons. 

It will appear, also, in the method employed for the 
illustration of the several Rules for Spelling, which are 
here supported, not, as is usual, by a few’ instances, how¬ 
ever appropriate, but by such an array of examples, all 
digested into lessons of convenient size, as can not fail to 
fix in the mind of the learner the means of determining at 
once the true spelling of thousands of w r ords. 

In the collection of Test Words, too, will be found a feat¬ 
ure singularly useful for the higher classes in schools, and 
for Teachers’ Institutes ; embracing, as it does, over two 
thousand words, so arranged as to reveal many similarities 
and differences that ordinarily escape the attention of 
youth entirely. 

The wiiole is eminently practical. It shows the laws and 
usages of the language in respect to spelling and pronun¬ 
ciation, it explains by comparison , by contrast, by analysis, 
and by formal definition, the true meaning and application 
of words ; yet all this is done without cumbering the path of 
the pupil with any perplexing details of theoretic teaching. 

It remains to be added that this Union Speller, wilich is 
the product of no small labor and thought, has had, in its 
preparation throughout, the aid and counsel of James N. 
McElligott, LL.D., of New York City, whose services we 
have had the satisfaction to acknowledge in the prepara¬ 
tion of several previous works. 

New York, July, 1865. 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by 
CHARLES W. SANDERS, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Cour^rf the United States for the Southern 

District of New York. 

Electrotyped by Smith & McDouoal, 82 and S4 Beekinan St., NY. 


3 ^ $ if J 













SANDERS’ 

UNION SPELLER. 

-- 

SECTION I. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

Orthography treats of letters, syllables and words. 

Letters are marks, or characters used to represent 
the sounds of the human voice, heard in speaking. 
The number of letters in English is twenty-six. In 
respect to form, they are distinguished as capitals and 
small letters. In respect to the sounds they are em¬ 
ployed to represent, they are either vowels or consonants. 

A VOWEL represents a free, uninterrupted sound of 
the voice. The vowels are a, e, i, o , u, y. W, also, 
when preceded by a vowel in the same syllable, has 
sometimes the force of a vowel, as in the words few, cow , 
power. I, followed by a vowel in the same syllable, 
as in alien (al yen), is a consonant; so, also, is y, as in yet. 
U, after q , and sometimes after g and s, is.a consonant 
j equal to w, as in quit [fwii), languid, assuage. 

A DIPHTHONG is the union of two vowels in the 
same syllable ; as oi in oil. IfJ however, one only of the 
vowels is sounded, the diphthong is called improper. 













G SANDERS 5 UNION SPELLER. 

A triphthong is the union of three vowels in the 
same syllable; as ieu in lieu. 

A consonant is a letter that represents a sound of 
the voice, modified by some interruption from the 
organs of speech. The consonants are separately con¬ 
sidered in Section IT. 

A syllable is a letter, or a combination of letters, 
uttered by one emission of the voice; as, boy , boy'ish. 

A word is a syllable, or a combination of syllables, 
significant of some thought, or idea; as, house, manly. 

A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable, 
a word of two syllables, a dissyllable, a word of three 
syllables, a trisyllable, a word of four or more syl¬ 
lables, a polysyllable. 

A primitive word is one derived from no other 
word; as,fear. 

A derivative word is one formed from a primi¬ 
tive, by means of prefixes and suffixes; as, fear less , 
re turn. 

A simple word is one not compounded; as, milk, 
man. 

A compound word is one composed of two or more 
simple ones; as, milkman, nevertheless. 

Accent is a special stress of the voice, which dis¬ 
tinguishes one syllable above others in the same word ; 
as, hap’ py, be clew'. 

Accent is either primary , as that on the last sylla¬ 
ble of in tend', or secondary, as that on the first sylla¬ 
ble of su' per in tend’. 

Orthoepy treats of the proper pronunciation of 
words, as Orthography treats of their proper spelling. 


















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 7 



SECTION II. 

POWERS AND USES OF THE LETTERS. 

V O 'W ELS. 

Each of the vowels has its regular long, short , and its 
occasional sounds which are distinctly marked in the 
Key, pages Id and 15. All these various vowel sounds,' 
as also some that are exceptional, will be found fully illus¬ 
trated in the opening exercises of this book. 

CONSON -A-UNTTS. 

B. 

B has but one sound, as in hid, rib. Before t and after 
m in the same syllable, it is generally silent, as in 
debt , bomb. It is, also, silent in bdellium. 

C. 

C has the sound of s before e, i, or y, as in cent, cite, 
cyst, doc' He. This is its soft sound. Before a, o, u, 
l , or r, as in cat, cot, cut, clot , crop —before k, s , or 
t final, as in hack, optics, act, and, also, when it ends 
a word, or a syllable not followed by e , i, or y, as 
in lac, tac tic , it has the sound of k. This is its 
hard sound. In a few words, it has the sound of 2 , 
as in sice (size), suffice, sacrifice; in some cases, it is 
silent, as in Czar, indict, victuals , muscle. 

D. 

The regular sound of this letter is heard in sad, date, 
madden; after a whispered, or sharp consonant in 
the same syllable, it has the sound of t, as in missed 
(mist), vexed. In Wednesday, handsome, handkerch¬ 
ief, and wind ' row, it is silent. 










8 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

F. 

This letter has but one sound, as in flame , soft , staff,\ 
except in the word of which is pronounced ov. It 
is never silent. 

G. 

G, before a, o, and u, as in gale , gore , gun , has, except 
in the word gaol (jdle), a hard sound; also, before 
l and r, as in glad, grope , and occasionally before 
e, f and y, as in ye/, yive, logy. It has this hard 
sound always at the end of a word, or a syllable not 
followed by e, i, or y, as in beg , Zhy, Z>oy; so, too, when 
doubled, as in begging , biggest, boggy. Before e, i, 
and y, however, with very few exceptions, g has its 
soft sound, as in gem , ginger , gypsum , rigid. In a 
few words, y has the sound of zh, as in rowye (roozli). 
Before and n it is silent, as in phlegm , s?y?i, y? 2 «£. 

H. 

II represents a mere breathing, or aspirate, as in home , 
hat. It is silent after y, as in ghost , after ?*, as in 
rhyme , as also when preceded by a vowel in the 
same syllable, as in oh, Jehovah. 

J. 

J has very nearly the sound of dzh, being the precise 
equivalent of y soft, as in jibe. In hallelujah , (when 
spelled with /,) it has the sound of y. It is never 
silent. 

K. 

K has but one sound, as in Icen, kin. It is silent before 
n in the same syllable, as in knight; also after c, as 
in back. 

L. 

L has but one sound, as in lame, land , miller. It is 
sometimes silent, especially before a final consonant, 
as in calm, walk, would , half. 


















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 9 

M. 

M has but one sound, as in make, clam, hammer. It is 
silent before n in the same syllable, as in mnemonics. 

N. 

1ST has two sounds,—that heard in note, ten, nail, and 
that in linger, link, uncle, which latter is essentially 
the same sound as that represented by ng. This 
sound it has, as a general rule, before g, k, c, q, and 
x, as in anger {ang' ger), link, cinque {sink), zinc, 
minx. 

P. 

P has but one sound,—that heard in pen, lip, hop, except 
in the words cupboard {hub' urcl) and clapboard 
(Idab' bord), where it has the sound of b. It is 
silent, when initial, before n, s and t, as in pneu¬ 
matic, psalm, ptarmigan; so, also, in a few other 
cases, as in receipt, corps {core), raspberry. 

Q. 

This letter always occurs before u, and the two {qu) 
together have the sound generally of kw, as in 
quiet {kwiet). In some words, however, qu has the 
sound of k only, as in coquette {cokct'), antique. 

R. 

Before a vowel in the same syllable, as in ream, dream, 
as also when between two vowels, the first of which 
is short, as in baron, merit, florid, the letter r has a 
rough, or trilled sound. In other situations, it has 
a smooth or palatal sound, as in far, form, terse; 
while in others still, it has this smooth, or palatal 
sound combined with an obscure vowel sound, 
somewhat like that of u in urge , as in the words 
fare, ore, our. R is never silent. 









10 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

S. 

This letter has two sounds; one sharp and hissing, as 
in sin, mist , the other flat and buzzing, as in has 
(haz ), amuse. 

S } with its sharp sound, following a liquid or another 
s, and coming before a letter with the sound of y 
consonant, (as i in version , mansion, passion,) also, 
in some cases, where it comes before u , (as in sure, 
sugar), has the sound of sh. In some words s alone 
has this sound, as in nausea (naushea ), Asiatic. 

S, preceded by a vowel in an accented syllable, and 
followed by a vowel with the sound of y consonant, in 
connection with the latter vowel, generally has the 
sound of zh; thus, vision (vizhun), fusion (fuzhun ), 
&c. ; so, also, in scission , abscission, rescission. iS is 
silent in a few words, as in aisle, isle, island', demesne, 
puisne , viscount , and mostly at the end of French 
words, adopted in English, as, chamois (sham' my). 

T. 

The proper sound of t is heard in the words, take, note, 
latter. When t precedes ia, ie, and to, and, at the 
same time, follows an accented syllable not ending in 
5 or x, it has the sound of sh, as in patient (pa shent), 
station , partial, &c. Preceded by x or 5, the t and i 
preserve each its own separate sound, or together 
assume the sound of ch, as in mixtion (mikst' yun, or 
mile' chun ), question, &e. 

V. 

The true sound of this letter is heard in vale, civil, 
live. It is never silent, except in sevennight (sennit). 

W. 

W, before a vowel in the same syllable, is a consonant , 
with a sound closely resembling oo in moon, as in 












SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 11 

the words wet (poet), wine, twine, reward ; after a 
vowel, however, in the same syllable, it is either 
altogether silent, as in the words, grow, grown, 
or, with the vowel preceding, forms a diphthong; 
thus, few (fu), new (nu ), cow (ow like ou in our), 
power. Before r, in the same syllable, w is silent, 
as in wring (ring), wrote, as also in the words answer 
(anser), toward (to' ard), and two (too). 

X. 

X has two sounds—that of ks, as in tax (tales), which is 
called its sharp sound, and that of gz, as in exist 
(egzist), which is called its soft, or flat sound. When 
commencing a word, it has the sound of z, as in 
xebec (zebec). 

Y. 

Y, when a consonant, always precedes a vowel in the 
same syllable, as in you, halyard. When a vowel, 
it has exactly the same sound as i; thus, hymn 
(liim), tyrant. 

Z. 

The regular sound of z is heard in zone, maze, hazy. 
In some words, it has the sound of zh, as seizure 
(seez yur). In rendezvous (ren' de voo) it is silent. 

CH. 

CH has nearly the sound of tsh, as in child, much, richly. 
In some words, it has the sound of sh, as chaise, 
machine. In some, it sounds like le, as chorus. In 
drachm (dram), schism (sizm), and yacht (yot), ch is 
silent. 

G-H. 

GH, beginning a word, has the sound of g hard, as in 
ghost (gost). In hiccough (hilc ’ hup), it has the sound 

- p 









12 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

of p. In other cases, it sounds like f as, in draught 
(< draft ), or like k, as, in hough {hok). After i, it is 
silent, as in sigh {si), and generally before t , as in 
taught {tawt ); so, also, in though {tho ), and through 
( throb ). 

PH. 

PH has usually the sound of f, as in sylph ([sylf ), phan¬ 
tom. In Stephen {steven ), it sounds like v. Before 
th initial, it is silent, as in phthisic {tiz' ik ), as also in 
a few other cases. 

SH. 

The proper sound of this combination is heard in 
shop, shine, flesh. Sh is never silent, but the sound 
which it indicates, is represented variously; by c, for 
example, as in o ce an f ic ,—by s , as in nausea ,—by t, 
as in negotiate ,—by ce, as in ocean, —by ci, as in 
social ,—by si, as in tension ,—by ti, as in captious ,— 
by ccz, as in noxious ,—by ch, as in machine, —by sci, 
as in conscience , &c. 

TH. 

TH has a sharp, or whispered sound, as in thing, breath, 
author, and a flat or vocal sound, as in thine , then, 
mother. Th in thyme {time), phthisic {tiz ik), Thomas 
{tom as), Thames {temz), sounds like t. 

^ , 9 9 \ 

WH. 

The letters in this combination are sounded as if written 
hw, as in ivhat {hivat). In who, whole , and vjhoop, 
the w is silent. 

ZH. 

The sound represented by this combination, is heard 
in the words fusion , {fuzhun), brasier {brazher), 


■4 












SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 13 

and some others, though the combination itself 
never occurs in the proper spelling of any English 
word. 

ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS. 

The consonants called flat, vocal or sonant, and those 
called sharp, aspirate or surd, have a marked correspond¬ 
ence to each other. Thus, each flat , in the list follow¬ 
ing, has, immediately under it, its corresponding sharp: — 

b, v, th (as in thine), d, z, zh, g, flats. 

p, f, ih (as in thin), t, s, sh, k, sharps. 

In the attempt to pronounce a flat and a sharp, in one 
and the same syllable, either one of the letters will be¬ 
come silent, or be assimilated to the other. Thus, in the 
words, debt and subtle , b being a flat and t a sharp , the b 
is not heard at all; for we pronounce these words as if 
written det, sut' l. 

In forming the English Possessive Case, on the other 
hand, as lad’s, for example, we often bring together two 
consonants that are pronounced with ease, if pronounced 
at all, only by assimilating the sound of the one to that 
of the other; so that while to the eye , as in the above 
example, we have lad’s , to the ear , the word is lad’z , that 
is, s which is sharp has, in reality, been changed into z, 
which is flat , so as to correspond with the d, which is, 
also, flat. 

This affinity between the two classes of consonants is, 
also, seen in forming plurals by the addition of s, as 
dogs (dogz ), in the third person singular of verbs, as boards 
(, boardz ), and in affixing ed to form certain Preterits and 

Participles, as, marked ( markt ), missed (mist). See note, 

• .... ... ...... 

page 45. 














14 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION 

■V O W ELS. 


REGULAR LONG AND SHORT SOUNDS. 


a, long , as in. 
a, short, as in. 
e, long , as in. 
e, s/wr/, as in. 
l, long, as in. 
l, short, as in. 
o, km< 7 , as in. 
5, short, as in. 
u, long, as in. 
u, short, as in 
y, long, as in. 
y, short , as in. 


ale, late, ray. 
add, iat, Lave, 
eve, mete, peace, 
end, met, leopard. 
Ice, pine, mire, 
ill, pin, admit, 
old, note, loaf, 
odd, not, torrid, 
use, tube, feud, 
iis, tub, but. 
fly, style, rely, 
cyst, nymph, lyric. 


OCCASIONAL SOUNDS. 


a, as m. 

ii, Italian, as in. 

a, as in. 

a, broad, as in. 

а, like short o, as in... 

e, like a, as in. 

e, like long a, as in... 

e, as in. 

l, like long e, as in.... 
i, like e, as in. 

б , like short u, as in... 
o, like long oo , as in... 
9 , like short oo, as in.. 
6 , like broad a, as in. . 

oo, as in. 

oo, as in. 

u, preceded by r, as in 
u, like short oo, as in.. 
4, as in. 


air, care, bear, 
arm, far, father, 
ask, grass, dance, 
all. talk, haul, 
what, wander, wallow, 
ere, there, heir, 
eight, prey, obey, 
ermine, verge, prefer, 
pique, machine, police. 
Irksome, virgin, thirsty, 
other, done, son. 
prove, do, tomb. 

.bosom, wolf, woman, 
.order, form, stork, 
.moon, food, booty. 

.wool, foot, good. 

.rude, rumor, rural. 

.put, push, pull. 

.urge, burn, concur. 








































SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 15 


KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION. 

REGULAR DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. 

oi, or oy (unmarked), as in. . .oil, join, oyster, toy. 
ou, or ow (unmarked), as in. .out, hound, owl, vowel. 

CONSONA NT S. 

g, soft , like s sharp , as in.gede, gite, mergy. 

o, hard , like k , as in.call, concur, suecess. 

ch (unmarked), as in.child, much, touching. 

gh, soft, like sh, as in.gliaise, maghine. 

■eh, hard , like k , as in.ehord, chorus, epoch. 

g, Aarc?, as in.get, begin, foggy. 

g, so/H, like 7 , as in..gem, gin, elegy. 

s, sharp (unmarked), as in... .same, yes, rest, 
g, soft, or vocal , like z, as in.. .hag, prigm, amuge. 
th, sharp (unmarked), as in., .thin, breath, healthy. 

fh, flat , or vocal , as in.thine, smooth, wither. 

ng (unmarked), as in.ring, sing, single. 

n, as in.linger, link, uncle. 

5 like gz, as in.e^ist, e^amjDle, exhaust. 

pn, like /, as in.phantom, sylph. 

qu, like kiv , as in.queen, conquest. 

wh, like hw, as in.what, when, awhile. 

When one letter of an improper diphthong, or of a triphthong, is 
marked, it is to be taken as representing the sound of the combination, 
and the letter or letters which are not marked, are to be regarded as 
silent, as in aim, clean, ceil, people, group, soul, journal, tow, &c. 

In the following work, all letters printed in Italics, are silent. 
This, however, is done only where mistakes in pronunciation are 
otherwise likely to be made. 

When several words, in the same column, are accented on the same 
syllable, the first only bears the accentual mark ; so, also, when two 
or more words, in succession, have each one or more silent letters, 
occurring relatively on the same syllable, the first only is Italicised. 
This rule is, also, observed in respect to all the marks used in this 
book, to indicate the various sounds of the vowels and consonants. 























THE ALPHABET, 

■ 

ROMAN 

LETTERS. 

ITALIC 

LETTERS. 

OLD ENGLISH. 

a 

A 

a 

A 

n 

& 

b 

B 

b 

B 

ft 

3S 

c 

C 

c 

C 

c 

© 

d 

D 

cl 

D 

ft 

23 

e 

E 

e 

E 

r 

S 

f 

F 

f 

F 

t 

S 

O' 

to 

G 

9 

G 

a 

as 

h 

H 

h 

H 

t) 

m 

1 

I 

• 

% 

I 

t 

3 

• 

J 

J 

• 

• 

J 

J 

i 

3 

k 

K 

k 

K 

& 

m 

1 

L 

l 

L 

i 

& 

m 

M 

m 

M 

m 


n 

N 

n 

N 

n 

si 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

as 

p 

P 

p 

P 

V 

$ 

q 

Q 

9 

Q 

(I 


r 

it 

r 

R 

V 

m 

s 

s 

s 

S 

» 

s 

t 

T 

t 

T 

t 

© 

u 

U 

n 

U 

u 

©i 

y 

V 

V 

V 

ft 

© 

w 

w 

w 

w 

ft) 

m 

X 

X 

X 

X 

V 

X 

y 

Y 

y 

Y 

g 


Z 

Z 

Z 

Z 


% 


& 


& 




















18 

SANDERS 1 UNION SPELLER. 

SECTION III. 

REGULAR. SOUNDS OF THE 

VOWELS. 

a 

LONG SOUNDS. 

i: x i: it c i s e l. 

e 

1 

ale 

me 

Ice 

ate 

we 

tie 

ace 

he 

vie 

ape 

be 

hie 


EXERCISE 2. 

/ v 

0 

U 

y 

no 

use 

by 

go 

due 

my 

so 

hue 

sly 

ho 

cue 

try 


SHORT SOUNDS 

• 


EXERCISE 3. 


a 

e 

1 

am 

hen 

if 

an 

men 

it 

at 

net 

is 

ax 

hem 

in 











- 

SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 

19 



E XEB CISE 

4. 


0 


u 

f 


of 


US 

hyp 

on 


up 

lyn 


ox 


sup 

gyp 

not 


nut 

pyx 



EXEIt CISE 

5. 


a 

v/ 

6 

s* 

1 

0 

'w' 

U 

cab 

web 

bib 

cob 

cub 

dab 

neb 

fib 

fob 

dub 

nab 

wed 

nib 

hob 

rub 

tab 

led 

rib 

job 

tub 

gab 

fed 

jib 

mob 

hub 


EXEECISE G. 

Is it an ax? No; the ax is by me. 
Is it not an ox ? It is an ox. 
Is he to do it as we do ? 

No ; he is not to do it as we do. 
As we go in, he is to go up. 

Is the hen in the tub ? She is. 
Let the dog run at the fox. 

Do not go in the hot sun. 

Can we go on the ice, or not ? 











20 

SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 


- 

'w' 

•w 

e 

EXERCISE 

7. 



a 

l 

0 


ti 

gad 

red 

did 

sob 

cud 

had 

ted 

hid 

lob 

mud 

lad 

zed 

kid 

nob 

rud 

mad 

ped 

fid 

bob 

fud 

sag 

beg 

EXERCIS E 

big 

8. 

nod 

bug 

bag 

keg 

fig 

pod 

rug 

rag 

leg 

jig 

rod 

hug j 

fag 

peg 

Pig 

hod 

dug 

lag 

teg 

wig 

sod 

tug 

ham 

get 

EXERClS E 

him 

bog 

mug 

jam 

jet 

rim 

• . 

log 

jug 

dam 

yet 

nim 

dog 

sug 

man 

let 

dim 

hog 

■ 

mg 

ram 

ket 

lin 

fog 


lug 

can 

met 

EXERCISE 

kin 

10. 

con 

gum 

ran 

wet 

win 

don 

hum 

tan 

set 

sin 

non 

mum 

van 

bet 

din 

yon 

rum 

ban 

pet 

pin 

ton 

sum 
















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

21 




E X E It c I S E 11 

• 



a 

e 

w 

1 


0 

11 

cap 

pen 

sip 

top dun 

map 

ten 

dip 

lop gun 

sap 

den 

hip 

mop fun 

tap 

fen 

lip 

* 

3op pun 

lap 

wen 

nip 


Pop run 




EXERCISE 12. 



bat 

gem 

pip 

lot nun 

fat 

yes 

tip 

jot cup 

mat 

sex 

rip 

cot 

3lip 

sat 

kex 

bit 

sot 

iut 

vat 

vex 

fit 

box tut 




EXERCISE 13 

• 


sad 

ken 

tin 

dot bun 

pan 

ben 

sip 

hot tun 

• 

3ap 

ret 

pit 

rot sun 


iat 

wex 

wit 

fox fud 

bad 

bed 

bid 

rob bud 




EXERCISE 14 

• 



The 

cat 

ran at 

the 

rat. 



A fat pig is in 

the pen. 



My pet 

kid is 

in the lot. 



The 

lad 

had a 

peg 

top. 



The 

man 

sat in 

the log hut. 

-- 













22 

SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER 

• 


LONG SOUNDS. 




EXER CIS E 

1 5. 


_ 

a 

e 

I 

6 

u 

mate 

mete 

mite 

mote 

mute 

made 

mere 

mice 

mode 

mule 

lace 

here 

lice 

hole 

huge 

haze 

lere 

hide 

lore 

lure 

save 

l 

i 

i 

sere 

side 

sole 

lute 

i 

■ 


EXERCISE 

16. 


a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

bake 

face 

sage 

hake 

bate 

cade 

pace 

wage 

lake 

gate 

fade 

race 

gage 

make 

date 

jade 

page 

safe 

take 

pate 

lade 

rage 

fake 

rake 

hate 

wade 

cage 

cake 

sake 

late 



EXER CIS E 

1 7. 


a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

hale 

vale 

tame 

same 

sane 

male 

wale 

game 

bane 

vane 

pale 

came 

liame 

cane 

vase 

sale 

dame 

lame 

lane 

case 

tale 

fame 

name 

mane 

base 



EXERClSE 

1 8 . 


a 

a 

a 

I 

I 

cape 

rate 

daze 

bite 

dice 

nape 

cave 

gaze 

rite 

nice 

rape 

gave 

maze 

kite 

vice 

tape 

lave 

raze 

gibe 

rice 

sate 

nave 

haze 

pice 

bice 

dale 

dade 

dace 

site 

rife 












SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 

23 

I 

I 

EXERCISE 

I 

19. 

I 

I 

bide 

life 

hive 

bile 

vile 

ride 

wife 

dike 

file 

wile 

tide 

dive 

like 

mile 

lime 

wide 

five 

pike 

pile 

mime 

fife 

rive 

tike 

tile 

time 



EXERCISE 

30. 


I 

I 

I 

I 

l 

fine 

nine 

pipe 

hire 

rlge 

kine 

pine 

ripe 

mire 

wise 

line 

sine 

wipe 

sire 

size 

mine 

tine 

dire 

tire 

dime 

vine 

wine 

lire 

wire 

hide 

5 

6 

EXER C IS E 

d 

31. 

0 

o 

lobe 

rode 

yoke 

mole 

bone 

robe 

doge 

bole 

pole 

hone 

code 

coke 

cole 

dome 

cone 

bode 

joke 

dole 

home 

lone 

node 

poke 

jole 

tome 

tone 

- o 

6 

EXER C IS E 

ll 

3 3. 

U 

u 

cope 

more 

cube 

June 

muge 

hope 

bore 

tube 

tune 

fuse 

mope 

core 

puke 

dune 

dupe 

pope 

pore 

duke 

cure 

cute 

rope 

gore 

fume 

mure 

pule 

y 

y 

EXERCISE 

y 

3 3. 

y 

y 

thy 

spy 

p 

pyre 

style 

sky 

shy 

cry 

lyre 

type 

fl y 

dry 

sty 

chyle 

byre 

p'y 

fry 

fyke 

chyme 

syke 












24 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


WORDS OF TWO SYLLABLES. 
L O 1ST SOUNDS. 


EXERCISE 2 4. 


a 

e 

I 

6 

u 

ba' by* 

re' al 

bl' as 

bo' nus 

du' ty 

fa vor 

fe cal 

bi ped 

bo ny 

fury 

la bel 

lie ro 

ci der 

co Ion 

liu man 

la bor 

le gal 

di et 

co ma 

hu mor 

la dy 

me ter 

di al 

co ny 

lu nar 


EX 

ER C IS E 

2 5. 


la' ma 

pe' on 

fl' ber 

co' pal 

lu' rid 

lazy 

re bus 

fi nal 

do tal 

mu cus 

ma zy 

ve nal 

i dol 

f °gy 

mu ral 

na ked 

ve to 

i tern 

holy 

pu nic 

na vy 

t t 

e ra 

ivy 

lo cal 

pu pil 


EX 

ER CIS E 

2 6. 


pa gan 

pe' nal 

If bel 

mo' dal 

pu'nv 

pa per 

ze ro 

tiny 

mo lar 

su ral 

racy 

te por 

tidy 

no mad 

tu nic 

sa vor 

be gom 

vi per 

o dor 

u nit 

ta per 

re gal 

vi tal 

on ly 

tu mid 


EX 

ER CIS E 

2 7. 


va' por 

re' nal 

yV rus 

o' ral 

su' et 

vary 

he lot 

mi ger 

o ver 

tu tor 

wa ver 

lie mal 

ri ot 

o val 

tu mor 

pa pal 

pe ri 

pi ca 

po lar 

bu bo 

na gal 

pe wit 

mi ca 

so da 

ju ror 

* Note here, as elsewhere throughout the book, that when two or raoro 
consecutive words, in the same column, are accented on the same syllable, 


the first only bears the accentual mark. 













SANDERS 1 

UNION 

SPELLER 

25 


E X E It CIS E 

2 8 . 


a 

e 

I 

O 

u 

na' tal 

se' poy 

pi' lot 

o' men 

lu' gid 

major 

ve nus 

di do 

do nor 

mu cid 

ca per 

ce dar 

mi ter 

bo lus 

mu §ic 

ca ter 

be ing 

ri val 

to per 

cu bic 

lia lo 

de mon 

mi nus 

bo mer 

du cal 


EXER CIS E 

2 9. 


y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

h y' son 

t f ro 

dy' nam 

gy' rate 

hy' dra 

h y men 

ty ler 

dy er 

ty rant 

liy brid 

gy ron 

hypo 

dry ad 

ey as 

hy phen 

typal 

by ard 

gy ral 

wy vern 

ly rate 

WORDS OF 

TWO SYLLABLES 

• 


S II O li T SOUNDS. 



EX 

ER CIS E 

3 0. 


a 

e 

1 

V 

O 

V 

u 

bal' lot 

eb' on 

bid' der 

bod' kin 

biif' fet 

ban dit 

ed dy 

big ot 

bod y 

but ler 

ban dy 

ed it 

bil let 

bon net 

but ter 

ban ner 

en ter 

bit ter 

bon ny 

bux om 

ban ter 

en vy 

fit ter 

bot tom 

bus kin 

bat ter 

el der 

fit ly 

sor rel 

mus ket 


EX 

ERClSE 

3 1. 


cab' in 

fen' nel 

din' ner 

cob' web 

cbl' ly 

cam let 

fer ret 

dip per 

cof fer 

cum ber 

can dor 

fer ry 

dit to 

cof fin 

cut ler 

can dy 

fet id 

dit ty 

cot ter 

cut ter 

can ter 

fet ter 

diz zy 

col lar 

cut let 

bat ter 

ep ic 

wit ty 

bob bin 

bud let 

lat ter • 

fel on ' 

city 

rob in 

su,t ler- 









26 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 



EX 

E EC I S E 

•> « > 

«) <v • 


a 

8 

1 

V 

o 

V 

u 

can'ton 

let' ter 

fil' let 

com' et 

fun' ny 

car ol 

lev el 

filly 

com ma 

fuz zy 

car ry 

lev et 

fil ter 

com mon 

fus tic 

V 

cas tor 

levy 

fin ny 

con fab 

gun ny 

cav il 

ken nel 

At ly 

copy 

gun nel 


EX 

E It CIS E 

3 3. 


dal' ly 

er' ror 

lim' it 

dot' ted 

gut' ter 

dap per 

ev er 

lim ner 

doc tor 

lum ber 

gaf fer 

mer ry 

lim pid 

fol ly 

mus ter 

gal lop 

jel ly 

lin net 

fos sil 

mut ter 

gam mon 

jen ny 

viv id 

fos ter 

num ber 


EX 

EECISE 

3 4. 


bab' it 

pes' ter 

pit'y 

gob' let 

pub' lie 

hap py 

pet ty 

pil fer 

gob lin 

pud der 

lad der 

ren net 

riv et 

gos pel 

pup pet 

mad ly 

len til 

sim mer 

gos sip 

pup py 

mad am 

sel dom 

siin per 

job ber 

rub ber 


EX 

EECISE 

3 5. 


mag' ic 

sex' ton 

sin' ner 

mor' al 

rud' der 

mad der 

set ter 

sin ter 

mor ris 

rud dy 

mag net 

ted der 

tin ner 

nog gin 

rug ged 

pan ic 

tern per 

sir up 

ton sil 

rum my 

par ry 

ten nis 

tim ber 

lior rid 

rum pus 


EX 

EE CIS E 

3 6. 


rab' id 

ten' der 

tim' id 

bob' by 

run' let 

rag ged 

ven om 

tin der 

bop per 

rus set 

ral ly 

ver y 

tin sel 

horror 

put ty 

rap per 

ves tal 

tip pet 

of fer 

sue cor 

sad ly 

vex er 

piv ot 

ot to 

run ner 












SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 27 


EXER CIS E 


e 

w- 

1 

wel' kin 

tit' ter 

wel ter 

vie ar 

bev y 

vie tim 

pen ny 

vie tor 

reb el 

vig il 


EXEIt CIS E 


V 

a 

las' so 
sal ad 
sap py 
tab by 
tab let 

V 

taf'fy 
tal ly 
tal on 
tam per 
tat ter 


tar' ry 
tas sel 
val et 
val id 
vas sal 


pat' ter 
ras cal 
vap id 
rap id 
ran cid 


f 

9 ym' bal 
cyn ic 
cym ling 
cys tic 


wed' ded 
vel lnm 
ten on 
ten or 
ten et 


ten' don 
hec tor 
rec tor 
men tal 
hec tic 


w 

7 

hym' nic 
mys tic 
tym bal 
syl van 


vig' or 
vig it 
vig or 
vis ta 
viv id 


win' ner 
liv er 
vil la 
sil ly 
tip sy 


J 

typ' ic 
tym pan 
lyr ic 
pyg my 


3 7. 

O 

pon' der 
con dor 
pot ter 
soggy 
sol id 

3 8. 

pop' lin 
tor rid 
tot ter 
vom it 
yon der 

39. 

bn' set 
mot to 
lob by 

jol ly 

tod dy 

40. 

rob' ber 
pos set 
pop lar 
pop pet 
son net 

41. 

f 

syn' tax 
sys tern 
syn od 

gyp sy 


V 

U 

suf' fer 
sun ny 
sul ly 
sup per 
tur ret 


ul' cer 
nn der 
up per 
ut ter 
vul gar 


jun' to 
lus ty 
tun ny 
sum mit 
mun dil 


gun' ner 
muf fin 
mug lin 
pun to 
mum my 


w 

y 

hys' sop 
pyx is 
myx on 
gyp sum 


EXERCISE 


EXERCISE 


ves' sel 

riv' er 

vel vet 

rip rap 

tet ter 

lim bo 

nec tar 

nip per 

reg in 

rig or 


EXERCISE 













28 


SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


SECTION IV. 

REGULAR SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. 

LONG SOUNDS. 

Two or more vowels combined, of which one only is 
heard. 


ai as a 


ai as a 


ay as a 



EX EH CIS E 

4 2. 



aid 

paid 

faith 


aim 

pain 

main 

H 

fail 

rail 

paint 


jail 

waif 

saint 


nail 

wait 

gain 


EX EH CIS E 

43. 



brain 

grain 

stain 


chain 

slain 

strain 

- 

drain 

snail 

trail 


flail 

sprain 

train 

S. 

frail 

staid 

braid 


EXERCISE 

4 4. 



bay 

jay 

bray 


day 

lay 

clay 


fay 

may 

dray 


gay 

nay 

fray 


hay 

4 

pay 

gray 


SUGGESTION. 

Here be particular to point out to the pupil that, in each combination, 
one vowel only is marked , and that only is heard; the whole group or 
combination representing the single sound denoted by the vowel marked ; 
thus, ai, in did, is to be pronounced precisely as if the i were not there 
at all; so ea in beam (heme), da, boat (bote). Let it be well understood 
that nothing is heard but the regular long sounds of the several vowels, 
(d, e, 5 , &c .), though another vowel, in each case, appears to the eye .-' 













— 

SANDERS’ 

UNION 

SPELLER. 29 




EXER C IS E 

45. 




r 

ray 


f 

break 




say 

ea as a 

great 




stay 



steak 

ay clS ct 



sway 

ao as a 

gaol (file) 




tray 

au as a 

gauge 



w 

pray 

aye as a 

aye (a) 




EXER CIS E 

46. 





bead 

dean 

heap 

meal 




beak 

each 

heat 

mean 

ea as e 

- 


beam 

ear 

lea 

wean 




bean 

eat 

leaf 

near 



V- 

deal 

fear 

lean 

neat 




EXER C IS E 

4 7. 




r 

pea 

seat 

feast 

bleach 




peak 

veal 

beast 

bleat 

ea as e 

H 


reap 

year 

least 

cheap 




rear 

zeal 

beard 

cheat 



w 

seal 

yeast 

bleak 

clean 




EXER CIS E 

48. 




/* 

clear 

leasli 

scream 

sneak 




dream 

peach 

sheaf 

speak 

ea as e 

- 


drear 

preach 

shear 

squeak 




freak 

reach 

beam 

spear 



w 

gleam 

cream 

smear 

weave 




EXER CIS E 

49. 

- 



r 

tea 

stream 

tea§e 

blear 




plea 

wheat 

cease 

heat 

ea as e 

H 


squeal 

ream 

crease 

feat 




steam 

yean 

lease 

treat 




streak 

ea§e 

gear 

meat 
















30 SANDERS’ 

UNION 

SPELLER 

• 



EXER CIS E 

5 0. 




fee 

seed 

peep 

reek 



see 

seek 

weep 

heed 

ee as e 


wee 

seem 

keep 

jeer 



lee 

meek 

reef 

keel 


L 

bee 

meet 

reel 

feel 

w 


E XER CIS E 

5 1. 




keen 

feel 

three 

bleed 



leer 

beef 

free 

breed 

ee as e - 


deem 

deed 

tree 

cheek 



deep 

veer 

glee 

cheer 


V- 

feed 

weed 

flee 

fleece 



EXE R CIS E 

5 2. 



z 0 

fleet 

sheet 

speed 

steer 



greed 

sleek 

spleen 

street 

ee as e ^ 


green 

sneer 

squeeze 

sweet 



greet 

sneeze 

steed 

sweep 


V*. 

sheep 

speech 

steep 

teeth 



EXERCISE 

5 3. 



r 

eel 

creed 

queer 

leech 



wheel 

creep 

screen 

beech 

ee as <3 - 


sleet 

sheen 

screech 

beet 



breeze 

sleep 

wheeze 

beer 



cheege 

queen 

leek 

meed 



EXERCISE 

5 4. 




ceil 

seized 

con ceive' 

de ceit' 



ceil' ing 

seiz' in 

de ceive 

re ceipt 

ei as e - 


seize 

lei gure 

re ceive 

ei' flier 



seiz ure 

seine 

per ceive 

nei flier 


w 

weird 

sein er 

con ceit 

sei^n ior 



EXERCISE 

5 5. 



p» 

brief 

fiend 

niece 

siege 



chief 

fierce 

piece 

shriek 

ie as o - 


grief 

pierce 

priest 

yield 



thief 

tierce 

shield 

be lief' 



field 

tier 

wield 

re lief 

















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


31 


ie as e ■< 


bier 

pier 

mien 

lien 

liege 


EXERCISE 5 6. 

lief 

riev' er 


so as e 


field ing 
bre vier' 
ar riere 


ce as e 
eo as e 
ey as e 


Css' sar 
pse an 
Plioe bus 
peo pie 
key 


ai as 1 
el as I 4 


EXERCISE 5 7. 

aisle (ile) 


le as i -< 


height 

sleight 

ei' der 

die- 

tie 

lie 


ie as i 
ol as I 
ul as I 


r p ic .. 

j be lie' 

[ un tie 
choir (Jcwlre) 


guide 
sruile 

o 

guise 


oa as o < 


oa as o s 



EXER CI S E 

5 S. 


boat 

goal 

roan 

coax 

coat 

foam 

goad 

hoax 

goat 

roam 

road 

load 

moat 

loan 

toad 

loaf 

coal 

moan 

woad 

soak 


E X E R C I S E 

5 9. 


coarse 

cloak 

hoard 

dak 

hoarse 

coach 

throat 

oaf 

board 

coast 

shoal 

oats 

boast 

float 

roast 

oar 

toast 

groan 

roar 

oath 


E X ER CIS E 

GO. 




' foe 

toe 


( door 


hoe 

sloe 

do as o 

floor 

oe as o - 

woe 

throe 


( brooch 

- 

roe 

doe 

tip' toe 
al oe 

ed as d 

j yed' man 
| yeo man ry 




















































SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


33 


SECTION V, 

REGULAR SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. 

SHOUT SOUNDS. 

Two or more vowels combined, of which one only is 
heard. 

EXERCISE 67. 


ai as a 


ea as e 


plaid 
plaid' ed 
plaid ing 
rail er y 
w {raV ler y) 


ua as a < 


guar an tee' 
guar an teed 
guar' an ty 
guar an tor 
guar an tied 



EXER CIS E 

6 S. 


' dead 

bread 

death 

realm 

deaf 

breadth 

dread 

spread 

- head 

breast 

dreamt 

stead 

lead 

breath 

health 

stealth 

read 

dealt 

meant 

wealth 


E X ER C I S E 6 9. 


sweat 
threat 

ea as e -1 thread 
tread 
zeal' ot 


break' fast jeal' ous stead' y 
stead fast zeal ous read y 
]iea§ ant mead ow heav y 
feafh er pleag ant dead ly 

leaf h er head y lead ed 


eo as e s 


" leop' ard 
jeop ard 
feoff (jef) 
feoF fee' 
feoff' ment 
feoff er 


EX ER C I S E 7 0. 

ue as e 


le as e 
ei as e 
oe as e 
8e as e 


guess 
guest 
friend 
heif er 
oes tram 
aes thet' ic 

























34 


SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


Ul as 1 


EXERCISE 71. 

guilt build 
guilt y built 


guilt less build' er 
guild build ing 
guills gui tar' 


ui as i < 


bis -euit 
cir cuit 
guin ea 
euisA (Jcuns) 


le as i sieve 


ou as o < 


EXERCISE 7 2. 

libugli (hole) 


hough ed 

hough ing ou as u - 


v lough 


o\v as o 


&nowl edge 


young 
touch 
touch y 
cougin 


coup' let 
doub let 
coun try 
flour ish 


cour age uour ish 




SECTION VI. 

OCCASIONAL SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. 

EXERCISE 7 3. 


A 

a 

• • 

a 

a 

9 

a 

a 

as in dir 

as in cinn 

as in ash 

as in all 

as in ichat 

care 

car 

cast 

fall 

wad 

bear 

ah 

gasp 

halt 

wash 

pare 

barb 

waft 

talk 

swap 

fair 

taunt 

bask 

warm 

wand 

1 aii- 

guard 

past 

haul 

squat 

hair 

harm 

pant 

warn 

swab 

prayer 

garb 

task 

warp 

squash 


EXERCISE 

7 4. 


oar' ent 

bar' ter 

bas'ket 

wa' ter 

wal' let 

iare ly 

car cass 

pas tor 

hal ter 

wan der 

char y 

bar bet 

vast ness 

waltz er 

warn pum 

fair y 

bar ley 

last ly 

daub er 

war rant 

pair ing 

gar ter 

mas tiff 

false* ly 

wal rus 

dar ing 

har ness 

cast ing 

gaud y 

wad ding 

care ful 

harp er 

raf ter 

sau cer 

wash er 

















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 35 


EXERCISE 75. 


A 

e 

e 


e 

like a in dir. 

like a in ale. 

like u in urge, 

there 

prey (jpro) 


merge 

their 

eight 


serve 

Aeir 

feint 


terse 

Aeir' ing 

skein 


hearse 

Aeir ess 

o bey' 


mer cy 

Aeir less 

me lee (met la') 


ear nest 


EXERCISE 7 6. 



• • 

1 

i 


I 

in pique (peek). 

as in 'pique. 


as in irk. 

po lice' 

rpu tine' 


thirst 

ca price 

phe n'ille (she nee 

>0 

kir tie 

va lige 

cas sine 


cir cus 

nia rine 

e lite (a leet) 


vir gin 

ma inline 

vi §ite 


sir loin 

pe lisse (pe lees') 

ra vine 


girl ish 


E X E R C IS E 7 7. 




• 

0 

p 

o 

A. 

o 

like u in sun. 

like oo in too. 

like oo in ivool. 

like a in all. 

won 

dp 

wolf 

fork 

done 

move 

wolf' ish 

nor' mal 

dove 

prove 

wolf ish ly 

cor ner 

love 

soup 

would (wood) 

horn y 

come 

lo§e 

could 

thorn y 

shove 

tom h 

should 

form al 


E X ER C IS E 7 S. 


cov'er 

log' er 

worn' an 

bought (haw 

col or 

los ing 

worn an ly 

fought 

com pass 

do ing 

worn an ish 

sought 

oth er 

youth ful 

bo' §om 

ought 

gov ern 

group ing 

bo som ing 

brought 










36 SANDERS' 

UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 7 9. 


oo as in moon. 

oo as in wool. 

boon 

food 

book 

brook 

boot 

spoon 

hook 

soot 

cool 

gloom 

cook 

foot 

fool 

groove 

hood 

look 

doom 

swoon 

good 

crook 


EXERCISE SO. 


sa loon' 

moor' ing 

be took' 

hood' wink 

co coon 

hoop oe 

un hook 

coop er 

pa troon 

koo doo 

for sook 

crook ed 

si moon 

boor ish 

foot' less 

hook ed 

doub loon 

noon ing 

book ish 

wood y 

liar poon 

ina roon' 

look ing 

soot y 


EXERCISE 8 1. 


u 


u 

as in rude , like do in moon. as in bull, like do in wool . 

rule 

prude 

put 

pul' pit 

fruit 

prune 

push 

bul ly 

ruge 

pru' dent 

bush 

bul let 

true 

ru mor 

pull 

bush el 

truce 

ru ral 

pul' ley 

bul walk 


EXERCISE S 2. 


truf' fie 

fru' gal 

bul'rush 

bull ock 

cru el 

fruit y 

full er 

bul tow 

crude ly 

gru el 

full ness 

pul let 

crui§ er 

dru id 

full age 

pull er 

cru ral 

cru et 

bul bill 

pul len 


E X E llC 1 S E S3. 


u 


V 


as in urge, like e in verge. 

like e in verge , 

or l in sir. 

burn 

cur die 

myrrh (mer) 

hyrse 

furl 

curd y 

mvr' tie 

tliyrse 

curb 

curb ing 

syr tic 

thyr' sus 

cur' ry 

burgh er 

syr ma 

thyr soid 

hur die 

burg lar 

pyr gom 

syr tis 














SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


37 


EXCEPTIONAL SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS.* 


ee as a 


ii e as a 
uay as c 
a as e 


f said ( sed) 

cmfli 


EXERCISE 8 4. 

e’er (air) 

ne’er . w j saitli 

sei geant ( sar -) ] a gam (a yen) 

a gainst 

ay as e says (sez) 


quay (&e) 
TAames ( temz) 


u as e s 


EXERCISE 85. 

bur' y (ier ry) - j a' ny (ot' y) 

bur y ing 1 ( ma ny 

buried » (English (ing glish ) 

bu ri al c j pret ty (prit ty) 

bu ri er o as ! worn en (wim en) 


EXERCISE 8 6. 


bu§' y (biz zy) 
bus v ing 

u as I 4 bus ied ee as 1 4 

bus i ly 

v bus i ness (biz ness) 


been (bin) 
breech' es (brick ez) 


breech ing 


three pence (thrip ens) 
__ steel yard (stil yard) 


EXERCISE 8 7. 


eau as o s 


beau (bo) 
flam' beau 
bu. reau 
pla teau' 
tab leau 


au as o 


hau2' boy (ho boy) 
vaude ville (vod' vil) 
ew as 6 sew (so) 

- j feod ( fade) 
eoasu feod'al 


* By Exceptional sounds are here meant, as will be observed, those 
not included in the classes already treated of, and illustrated/as Regu¬ 
lar and Occasional. Hero is the proper place to bring up in review 
all ^he various vowel sounds,— Regular , Occasional , and Exceptional , and 
to make the distinctions indicated by these terms perfectly familiar. 



























38 

SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER 

.. 


SECTION VII. 


DIPHTHONGAL 

\ 

SOUNDS. 


E 

X E R C I S E 

8 S. 




oi as in oil. 



boil 

soil 

join 

void 

quoit 

coil 

roil 

coin 

coif 

quoin 

moil 

broil 

loin 

choice 

noige 

toil 

spoil 

foin 

voice 

poise 

foil 

coix 

groin 

doit 

point 


EXERCISE 

8 9. 


joint 

toil' et 

toil' ing 

a void' 

sub' soil 

moist 

boil er 

loi ter 

de void 

tre foil 

joist 

join er 

toil some 

pur loin 

tur moil 

hoist 

noi§ y 

oint ment 

em broil 

par boil 

foist 

joint ly 

a noint' 

a droit 

re coil' 


EXERCISE 

9 0. 




oy as oi in oi 

1. 


boy 

p°y 

coy'ly 

enjoy' 

de coy' 

coy 

cloy 

joy ful 

an noy 

sa voy 

toy 

troy 

boy ish 

al loy 

en' voy 

hoy 

loy al 

toy ing 

de ploy 

tom boy 

j°y 

roy al 

oys ter 

de stroy 

con voy 


EXERCISE 

9 1. 




ou as in out. 



bout 

loud 

mound 

spout 

rout 

lout * 

proud 

pound 

trout 

gout 

pout 

shroud 

round 

stout 

mount 

shout 

bound 

sound 

sprout 

fount 

snout 

hound 

found 

scout 

noun 













SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 39 


poucli 

EXERCISE 9 

bounce ac count' 

«> 

a rouge' 

out' fit 

couch 

frounce 

dis count 

es pouse 

out let 

pounce 

flounce 

de nounce 

ca rouse 

boun ty 

trounce 

wound 

an nounce 

lioug' ing 

*/ 

coun ty 

ounce 

ground 

pro nounce 

mous ing 

coun ter 


EXERCISE 9 3. 

ow as ou in out. 


owl 

brow 

brown 

howl 

drow' sy 
drows ing 

cow 

prow 

frown 

prowl 

how 

scow 

crown 

cowl 

cow er 

now 

scowl 

drown 

town 

cow ish 

vow 

growl clown 

EXERCISE 

down 

9 4. 

cow slip 

cow' ard 

pow' der 

bow' er 

cow' ry 

al low' 

dow el 

vow el 

dow er 

dow ry 

a vow 

dow dy 

row el 

flow er 

tow er 

en dow 

row dy 

tow el 

fowl er 

pow er 

re nown 

cliow der 

trow el 

show er 

-— 

pow wow 

a down 


SECTION VIII, 

SILENT VOWELS. 


E X EMC I S E 9 3. 

e final silent.* 


mo' bile 

fag' ile 

ag' ile 

pen' sile 

deb ile 

grac ile 

frag ile 

ten sile 

flab ile 

doc ile 

pro file 

scis sile 

sor bile 

flex ile 

fe brile 

mis sile 

nu bile 

serv ile 

vl rile 

sub tile 


* The letter e, when final, is always silent, except in monosyllables 
containing no other vowel (as he, toe, me), some classical words (as sim' i le\ 
and some words from modern foreign languages. In a monosyllable, how¬ 
ever, and in a syllable under the accent, though silent itself, its effect 
generally is to lengthen a preceding vowel; as mad , made; not, note. 











40 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 9 6. 


tac' tile 

rep' tile 

sex' tile 

men' ace 

fic tile 

fer tile 

text ile 

sur face 

due tile 

tort ile 

e dile 

sol ace 

tract ile 

lios tile 

com pile' 

pal ace 

fis sile 

fu tile 

re vile 

gri mace 


EXERCISE 9 7. 


ter' race 

of' lice 

cop'pice 

lat' tice 

pool ace 

chal ice 

com plice 

am ice 

pin nace 

mal ice 

jaun dice 

crev ice 

fur nace 

pum ice 

sol stice 

nov ice 

bod ice 

cor nice 

jus tice 

serv ice 


EXERCISE 9 S. 


rid' dance 

sem' blance 

dur' ance 

sT' lence 

guld ance 

p ;ii ance 

pittance 

es sence 

bal ance 

cum brance 

ca dence 

sen tence 

val ance 

bin drance 

ere dence 

se quence 

clear ance 

fra grance 

sci ence 

prbv ince 


EXERCl 

S E 9 9. 


ro mance' 

fre' quence 

bro cade' 

block ade' 

fi nance 

com merce 

ar cade 

sea lade 

ad vance 

ses terce 

f-as cade 

})0 made 

a merce 

di vorce' 

bri gade 

gre nade 

dis perse 

re source 

cock ade 

pa rade 


EXERCISE lOO. 


cru sade' 

fu see' 

man' age 

re gale' 

de grade 

a gree 

um brage 

em pale 

in vade 

set tec 

fu mage 

ga zette 

com' rade 

de cree 

rom age 

co quette 

f I nlte 

de gree 

non age 

bru nette 


z ;X E R C IS E 101. 


ca' ble 

cob' ble 

quib' ble 

foi' ble 

ga ble 

gob ble 

crib ble 

ram ble 

ta ble 

hob ble 

frib ble 

brain ble 

fa ble 

bub ble 

treb le 

scram ble 

sta ble 

stub ble 

fee ble 

trem ble 











SANDERS’ UNION SPELLEE. 41 



EXE R C 

USE 10 2. 


tliim' ble 

j um'ble 

turn' ble 

doub' le 

nim ble 

mum ble 

stum ble 

troub le 

wim ble 

rum ble 

no ble 

trea cle 

film ble 

crum ble 

mar ble 

tack le 

burn ble 

grum ble 

bau ble 

mus cle 


i: x e r c 

ISE 103. 


a' ble 

fad' die 

med' die 

rid' die 

bea die 

pad die 

ped die 

nod die 

la die 

strad die 

lid die 

cud die 

era die 

sad die 

mid die 

scud die 

ad die 

swacl die 

grid die 

fuel die 


EXE RC 

'IS E 104. 


bud' die 

twee' die 

dan' die 

dwin' die 

mud die 

l die 

ban die 

cod die 

pud die 

bri die 

kin die 

bun die 

nee die 

si die 

spin die 

trun die 

wliee die 

can die 

brin die 

liur die 


v EXE R C 

ISE 105. 


noo' die 

wlnf' be 

ruf' be 

pur' be 

poo die 

scuf be 

waf be 

ea gle 

baf fie 

sbuf be 

n be 

bea gle 

raf fie 

muf be 

tri be 

gag gle 

snaf fie 

snuf be 

sti be 

drag gle 


EXE R C 

ISE 100. 


o'gle 

speck' le 

sick' le 

buck' le 

gar gle 

freck le 

trick le 

cbuck le 

bu gle 

bek le 

tick le 

muck le 

caclc le 

mick le 

stick le 

suck le 

back le 

prick le 

cock le 

truck le 


EXE RC 

ISE 107. 


spark' le 

tern' pie 

man' tie 

cajole' 

trip le 

sta pie 

gen tie 

pa role 

am pie 

stee pie 

bur tie 

con sole 

tram pie 

bee tie 

tur tie 

pis tole 

sam pie 

tl tie 

bat tie 

tad' pole 














42 SANDERS’ 

UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCIS E 10 8. 


dim' pie 

wim' pie 

top' pie 

pur' pie 

pim pie 

rum pie 

tip pie 

du pie 

rim pie 

ap pie 

nip pie 

coup le 

crim pie 

grap pie 

crip pie 

start le 

sim pie 

rip pie 

stop pie 

scru pie 


EXERCISE 109. 


wag' gle 

tn' biine 

cat' tie 

ket' tie 

strag gle 

jejune' 

rat tie 

set tie 

go g gle 

at tune 

prat tie 

whit tie 

jug gle 

e lope 

tat tie 

lit tie 

strug gle 

es cape 

wat tie 

• 

spit tie 


EXERCISE HO. 


bnt' tie 

shut' tie 

piiz' zle 

ex treme' 

bot tie 

friz zle 

nuz zle 

su preme 

tlirot tie 

daz zle 

rap ine 

sub lime 

cut tie 

driz zle 

fam ine 

ca nine 

scut tie 

muz zle 

ja§ mine ^ 

se rene 


EXERCISE 111 . 


fixt' ure 

stat' ute 

fur' tive 

stat' tire 

nur ture 

con clave 

pen sive 

past ure 

lil trate 

na tive 

pas sive 

teat ure 

pros trate 

vo tive 

cos tive 

creat ure 

frus trate 

fes tive 

rest ive 

cult ure 

con trite 

post ure 

vest tire 

vult ure 


EXERCISE 112. 


vol' umo 

car' mine 

chi cane' 

vul' pine 

noi some 

pns tine 

pro fane 

tort ure 

mem brane 

fe line 

liu mane 

tre phine' 

mun dane 

fe line 

car' bine 

di vine 

6r mine 

lu pine 

rapt ure 

sa line 

vent ure 

i 1 .- 

joint ure 

doc trine 

re fine 















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 43 


EXERCISE 113. 


ob scene' 

cm' pi re 

frig' ate 

ce' rate 

sin cere 

um pire 

pal ate * 

pi rate 

au stere 

sat ire 

stel late 

in grate 

re vere 

man date 

stii ate 

ser rate 

se vere 

leg ate 

cli mate 

sen ate 


i: X E It c IS E 114. 


se date' 

ten' tire 

trea' tise 

be fore' 

ma nure 

fig ure 

mor tise 

de plore 

de mure 

verd ure 

an ise 

im plore 

ma ture 

coif fure 

fran chlge 

ig nore 

im mure 

nat ure 

pur chase 

se cure 


EXERCISE 113. 



ue silent after g and q. 


vague 

O 

league 

fa f igue' 

an fiqwe' 

plague 

teague 

sa rigue 

prat ique 

vogue 

pique 

in trigue 

ob lique 

rogue 

basque 

u nique 

cri tique 

brogue 

mosque 

pro rogue 

o paque 

tongue 

casque 

harangue 

O 

bur lesque 

fugue 

O 

cinque 

mo resque 

gro tesque 


EXERCISE 110. 


Words ending in 

en with the e 

silent. 

dead'en 

sad' den 

rid' den 

bold' en 

lead en 

red den 

trod den 

gold en 

glad den 

bid den 

sod den 

bound en 

mad den 

bid den 

hoi den 

wood en 

broad en 

slid den 

wld en 

gar den 


EXERCISE 117. 


bard' en 

beech' en 

strength' en tak' en 

ward en 

birch en 

garth en 

black en 

bur den 

fresh en 

weak en 

slack en 

deaf en 

length en 

shak en 

strick en 

stiff en 

hea then 

oak en 

thick en 













44 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


sick' en 

e x if it c i s js 1 is. 

spok' en heark' en 

rip' en 

quick en 

bro ken 

stol en 

sliap en 

silk en 

to ken 

swoll en 

o pen 

drunk en 

wo yen 

cheap en 

hemp en 

shrunk en 

clo yen 

flax en 

hap pen 

Ilk en 

dark en 

mix en 

wax en 

sharp' en 

EXERCISE 119. 

wheat' en froz' en 

tight' en 

cho§ en 

threat en 

sweet en 

whit en 

loos en 

oat en 

straight en 

molt en 

les sen 

6ft en 

light en 
bright en 

lent en 

beat en 

soft en 

short en 

eat' en 

EXERCISE ISO. 

bit' ten rot' ten 

era' ven 

fall en 

kit ten 

lieav en 

e ven 

bat ten 

smit ten 

leav en 

sev en 

flit ten 

vjvit ten 

lia veil 

riv en 

flat ten 

got ten 

ra ven 

driv en 

vix en 

box en 

bra zen 

miz zen 

• 

E XER C IS E 12 1. 



Words ending in in which, the e is sounded. 


asp' en 

lat' ten 

pat' ten 

si' ren 

11a' men 

chick en 

ll ehen 

plat cn 

bar' ren 

0 men 

kitch en 

mar ten 

row en 

ash en 

hy men 

war ren 

myn clien 

wick en 

pol len 

lin en 

liy phen 

pat en 

yew cn 

sullen 

brefh ren 


EX 

E R C IS E 

700 



Words ending in on with the o silent. 

ba' con 

reck' on 

poi' son 

par' son 

but' ton 

bea con 

rea gon 

foi son 

per son 

glut ton 

dea con 

season 

pris on 

les son 

mut ton 

fa l con 

trea son 

dam son 

se ton 

par don 

beck on 

ma son 

crim son 

cot ton 

ar son 















,-—- 

SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 45 


EXERCISE 

12 3. 


Words ending in ed, with the e silent.* 

barbed 

beaked 

famed 

veined 

pained 

orbed 

hawked 

fumed 

gowned 

stained 

forced 

skilled 

armed 

passed 

feigned 

hoofed 

willed 

aimed 

starved 

streaked 

arched 

missed 

grained 

vexed 

winked 

harped 

wished 

rained 

boxed 

dragged 

carped 

jumped 

drained 

hoaxed 

bagged 

marked 

cracked 

raiged 

coaxed 

stabbed 

stalled 

rocked 

trained 

poached 

blabbed 


EXERCISE 

12 4. 


Words ending 

in ed, in which the e is 

heard, f 

a' ged 

curs' ed 

jag' ged 

rag' ged 

wretch' ed 

bless ed 

crutch ed leg ged 

nig ged 

pick ed 

crab bed 

cusp ed 

learn ed 

stub bed 

fork ed 

crag ged 

dog ged 

na ked 

wick ed 

bruig ed 

crook ed 

hook ed 

peak ed 

wing ed 

be 16v'ed 


E 

A' E R CIS E 

12 5. 


Words ending in 

O 

el with the e 

silent or very obscure. 

bar' bel 

ea' gel 

na' vel 

shek' el 

swiv' el 

be tel 

grbv el 

pu gel 

shov el 

tea gel 

chat tel 

ha zel 

rav el 

shiiv el 

wea gel 

draz el 

man tel 

riv el 

sniv el 

tram mel 

driv el 

mus sel 

scov el 

swin gel 

pom mel 

* The e, in 

ed, is silent 

3nly when not preceded by d or t; for if d or t, 

(letters of the same organ,) precede, the sounding of the final d, without an 

intervening vowel, would 

be simply impossible. When, however, any 

other consonant precedes, 

the e is dropped in pronunciation, and the d 

easily combines with it, subject only to the 

law of assimilation, explained 

on page 13. 





+ Those words in which the ed, though not preceded by d or t, forms a 

separate syllable, are always employed as 

adjectives; as, wing' ed fowls, 

pick' ed stakes ; when used 

as verbs, the e is 

not heard. 

-zxzw-‘i 













46 

SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 


SECTION 

IX. 



CONSONANTS. 



EXER CIS E 

12 6. 


b silent, after m 

or before t in the same 

syllable.* 

iamfr 

tom b 

dim 6 

liumi' ness 

deit 

lamb 

womb 

plumb 

dumb ly 

debt' or 

limb 

dumb 

crumb 

plumb er 

doubt 

comb 

numb 

climbed 

comb ing 

re doubt' 

bomb 

thumb 

limb less 

thumb kin 

doubt' less 


EXERCISE 

12 7 . 



c like s, before e, 

i, or y. 


rage 

gTte' 

fenge 

gvme 

Qyst 

rac' ing 

cm der 

fan' cy 

cy' clops 

cyg' net 

ra cy 

civ il 

vis cid 

cy press 

cvn ic 

sauce 

ce dar 

ac id 

cy cle 

eye lie 

sau' cy 

ci der 

de cent 

cy cas 

cyg nus 


EXERCISE 

12 S. 



c like k , 

before a, o , 

u, l, and r. 


came 

cost 

cute 

clime 

cramp 

ca'ter 

co'cda 

cu' pid 

clot 

cray' on 

mi ca 

co pal 

cus tom 

clip' per 

ere ole 

car nage 

co Ion 

cum ber 

clat ter 

cris pin 

cres cent 

co liort 

cud gel 

clas sic 

crump et 


E X ERC IS E 

12 9. 


c like 7c, before h , s , or t ending a syllable. 

jack' et 

pick' et 

buck' et 

crack' er 

lock' er 

pack et 

rick ets 

lock et 

pack er 

wick er 

rack et 

tick et 

rock et 

lack er 

back er 

plack et 

wick et 

pock et 

bick er 

ad diet' 

brack et 

in sect 

sock et 

pict ure 

e lect 

relics 

rel ict 

con vict 

lect ure 

re strict 

phys ics 

ver diet 

e diet 

fract ure 

af feet 

* These 

brief headings 

arc designed merely to draw attention to what 

has been more largely stated concerning the several consonants, in Sec. II. 













SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 47 


EXERCISE 13 0. 


ce and ci 

sc and sci 

sell 

c 

like sh. 

like sh. 

like sh. 

like sh. 

o' cean 

con' scious 

schist 

o ce an' i ca 

an cient 

con scious ly 

schist' ic 

tes ta' ce a 

so cial 

con science 

schist ous 

crus ta ce a 

spa cious 

con sci en' tious 

schorl 

e ma ci ate 

spe cie 

pre' sci ence 

schorl' y 

as so ci ate 

spe cious 

pre sci ent 

schorl ous 

e nun ci ate 

lus cious 

pre scious 

schorl ite 

ex cru ci ate 


EXERCISE 13 1. 

ch like tsh. 


chafe 
chaf' fer 
chal ice 
chap ter 
chain fer 


chape 
chain' ber 
chap mar- 
char ter 
chart ism 


chap'let 
chal lenge 
chit chat 
chi na 
bleach er 


trench' er 
clinch er 
teach er 
preach er 
poach er 


or' chard 
ur chin 
sa cliem 
sach el 
fetch ing 



EXERCISE 

132. 


much 

branch' y 

en croach' 

in trench' 

chintz 

such 

bunch y 

re proach 

re trench 

chat' ty 

munch 

ducli ess 

car touch 

at tach 

check erg 

punch 

duch y 

be seech 

en rich 

cher up 

pinch 

perch er 

im peach 

de bauch 

chill y 


EXERCISE 

1 3 3. 




ch like h. 



chagm 

•chord 

cho' rist 

sched' ule 

ar' chives 

cha' os 

chrism 

choler 

scliol ar 

I clior 

cliem ic 

school 

clilo ric 

scheme 

pas chal 

cliem ist 

cho' rus 

chlo nne 

schem er 

or cliis 

chron ic 

cho ric 

cho ral 

schdon er 

tro cliee 


ache 
chrome 
ar' chil 
cell o 
ep och 


E X E R C I S E 13 4. 


dis' tieli 
eu nncli 
mo loch 
stom ach 
mon arch 


ar' chon 
mo cha 
tech ni cal 
sclio las' tic 
me chan ic 


ar' chi tect 
chain o mile 
mech an ist 
arche type 
char ac ter 












48 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

E X E n ClS E 1 3 5 k 

ch like sh. 


9liai§e 
ma (jhine' 
chi cane 
cha rade 
cha made 


gba grin' 
galoche 
mus tache 
ba rouche 
de bouclie 


gliev' ron 
die mise' 
chap eau (o) 
chat eau (o) 
chain public 


gliiv' al ry 
char la tan 
chev a her' 
chan de lier 
deb au cliee 


EXERCISE 13 6. 

g hard, before n, o, w, l, and r. 

gar' land gob' bier gum' bo glee' ful 
gain say gog gle gun nel 

gai ter gos sip gus to 

gal lop gos pel guz zle 

gam moil gor maud gun ny 


glim mer 
glo ry 
glu cose 
glu ten 


graph' ic 
gra vy 

greasy 

greecl y 
grind er 


EXERCISE 13 


4 • 


g hard, at the end of a word or a syllable not followed 
by e, I, or y ; also, when doubled. 


drag' on 
big ot 
wag on 
flag on 
drag on 


brig' and rag' ged leg 


rig or 
vig or 


lea - crpd 
dog ged 


—j-' gin 


wig gle jog gle 
smug gle big gle 


nog gm 

pig gm 

wag gish 
slug gish 


dag' ger 
brag ger 
stag ger 
dig ger 
l>ig ger 


EXER CISE 13 S. 


g usually soft, before e , f, or y. 


gen' der 

gin' ger 

gy' rate 

cler' gy 

pil' lage 

gest ure 

gin seng 

gy ral 

sur gy 

band age 

gen tile 

gib let 

g} r m nast 

dingy 

dam age 

ger und 

gib bet 

gym nic 

hing ing 

im age 

or ange 

gl ant 

con goal' 

O 

strin gent 

ad age 

man age 

bro kage 

en gage 

en large' 

ar range' 

u§ age 

a gent 

en cage 

dis charge 

de range 

ge nus 

ur gent 

pon gee 

di verge 

en rage 













SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


49 


E X E R C I S E 13 9. 


pri' mage 

pres' age 

sau'sage 

rum mage 

vi§ age 

do tage 

lioni age 

mor^ gage 

cot tage 

suf frage 

cart age 

rav age 

cour age 

mes sage 

sav age 


EXERCISE 

badge 

wedge 

drudge 

edge 

midge 

CD 

sludge 

hedge 

ridge 

sedge 

ledge 

bridge 

trudge 

Hedge 

dodge 

judge 

pledge 

lodge 

dredge 

sledge 

budge 

dirge 


yo y age 
col lege 
al lege' 
be siege 
o bilge 

140 . 

budg' et 
badg er 
lodg er 
hedg er 
par tridge 
ear tridge 
duel geon 


yes' tige 
chal lenge 
gar bage 
del uge 
in diilge' 

O 


gud'geon 
blud geon 
pig eon 
wid geon 
sur geon 
stur geon 
dun geon 


EXERCISE 14 1 . 

g sometimes hard, before e, i, and 


y- 


get 

get' ter 
get ting 
gew gaw 
ging ham 


gib'bous 
gid dy 
gift ed 
gig gle 
gild ing 


gimp 
girl 
girth 
gird 
gird' le 


be gin' 
be get 
be gone 
un gird 
un gear 


geld' ing 
gim bal 
gim let 
mug gy 

foggy 



EXERCISE 

142 . 


g silent, 

before m 

and n final; 

also, before 

n initial. 

ph ley m 

con dlyn' 

be nlyn' 

as siyn' 

ynarl 

deign 

cam paign de sign 

im pugn 

gnat 

feign 

ar raign 

re sign 

op pugn 

gnash 

reign 

for' eign 

con sign 

ex pugn 

gnaw 

sign 

ma llgn' 

en' sign 

im pregn 

gno' mon 


EXERCISE 14 3 . 

gh silent, before t, and at the end of a syllable. 


hi gh 

dlyAt 

Illy At 

eight 

bor' ou gh 

nigh 

hight 

neigh 

dough 

thorough 

sigh 

fight 

weigh 

though 

fur lough 

thigh 

light 

weight 

through 

al though' 

bight 

blight 

freight 

haugh 

in veigh 








50 


SANDERS UNION SPELLER. 


pliyAt 

slight 

night 

tight 


brly/it 

fright 

sight 


wight 


gh like f 

laugh ( laf) 

laugh ter 

rough 

chough 

tough 

sough 


EXERCI S E 

14 4. 



cauy/it 

bouy/? t 

dauy/i' 

ter 

fraught 

sought 

slaugli 

ter 

naught 

fought 

bough 

{bou) 

taught 

thought 

slough 

O 

EXER CIS E 

145. 



gh like/. 


gh like h. 


slough {sluf) 

hough {hoh) 



clough 
e nougli' 
cough ([Jcaivf ) 
trough 

O 

draught {draft) 


lough 
shough 


gli like p. 

hie' cough {Ink hup) 


EXERCISE 14 G. 

h silent, after y, after r , and after a vowel in the same 
syllable; also, at the beginning of some words. 


g/uist 

r/ieum 

e' plia/i 

/ierb 

ghaut 

rlilne 

sir rah 

heir 

ghost 

rhomb 

rhu barb 

hour 

ghoul 

rhyme 

ca tarrh' 

lion' or 

ghee 

rhythm 

«/ 

burgh' er 

hon est 


\ 


EXERCISE 147. 

h silent before n, and after c, in the same syllable. 


^nab 

Zmave 

/mew 

7mac/c 

had' dock 

knag 

knead 

knife 

crack 

pad lock 

knap 

knee 

knit 

quack 

wed lock 

knit 

kneel 

knob 

quick 

ran sack 

knot 

knell 

knoll 

shock 

bar rack 



EXEll CIS E 

14 8. 


l sometimes silent, before f 

m, n , v, 

h, d , and c. 

haZf 

ha/ve 

caZk 

couZd 

sa/m' on 

calf 

salve 

chalk 

would 

al mond 

balm 

qualm 

stalk 

should 

fill con er 

calm 

balk 

walk 

iilmg 

em balm' 

palm 

talk 

auln 

balm' y be calm 












SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 51 

EXERCISE 149. 


n , as in man, followed by g soft. 


dan' ger 

loun'ger 

tan' gent 

im pinge' 

stin' gy 

man ger 

pliln ger 

pun gent 

un hinge 

loun ger 

ran ger 

spon ger 

loz enge 

es trange 

crin ger 

stran ger 

spon gy 

frin gy 

re venge 

ciian ger 

tin ger 

man gy 

an gel 

a venge 

en gme 


EXERCISE 

15 0. 



ng , 

as in sing, singer. 


hang 

hang' er 

hang' ing 

king'ly 

side' long 

wing 

wing er 

win2: in" 

o # O 

spring y 

sing-song 

sing 

sing er 

sing ing 

string y 

ding-dong 

O O 

ring 

ring er 

ring ing 

O _ O 

dar ling 

strip ling 

long 

long er* 

Ion" in" 

O O 

world ling 

O 

hire ling 


EXERCISE 

15 1. 


n, like 

ng, before 

c, g, h, and 

q, as in zinc 

•, linger. 

ran' eor 

an' ger 

fin'ger 

hun' ger 

jin' gle 

un cle 

an gle 

fun gous 

lin ger 

shin gle 

eon cord 

dan gle 

clan gor 

moil ger 

tan gle 

anch or 

man gle 

gan grene 

mon grel 

bun gle 

ink le 

crink le 

crank le 

tink le 

sprink le 


EXERCISE 

15 2. 


Ion' ger* 

hank' er 

be think' 

lar' ynx 

think' er 

Ion gest 

thank ful 

en link 

ban quet 

drink ing 

stron ger 

blank et 

un link 

anx ious 

pink isli 

stroii gest 

rank le 

din' gle 

con course 

twink le 

youn ger 

an kle 

tinct ure 

con gress 

cinct ure 

youn gest 

punct ure 

span gle 

san guine 

junct ure 


* Note that in such derivative words as hang er, sing er, long er, from 
hang, sing, and long, the g unites with the preceding n to represent the 
sound of ng. But in the comparative and superlative of the three words, 
long, strong, and young, and also in the words diphthongal and triphthongal, 
the g always takes its hard sound; as longer, stronger, younger. 






















52 

SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 

EXERCISE IS 3. 

n silent, after m, and p silent, before ?i, 

s and t. 

damn 

tempt 

con temn' 

prompt' ly 

psal' ter y 

hymn 

prompt 

con dermi 

at tempt' 

psal mo dy 

limn 

sol' emn 

dis limn 

con tempt 

pneu mat' ic 

pnyx 

col umn 

psalm' 1 st 

semp stress pneu mon ic 

psalm 

au tumn 

psalter 

ptar mic 

ptar migan 

mu' gic 

E 

dig' mal 

X ER C IS E 

s like 2. 
noig' y 

15 4. 

dig cern' 

mig' e ry 

mos lem 

dai sy 

pal sy 

dis ease 

ris i ble 

res in 

drow sy 

pan sy 

dis own 

vis i ble 

Aim sy 

eas y 

quin sy 

dis solve 

ml ser ly 

ros y 

posy 

pros y 

dis arm 

eas i ly 

sure 

E 

su' gar 

X E R C I S E 

s like sh. 
as sure' 

15 5. 

mis sion 

sen' su al 

sure ly 

cen sure 

in sure 

man sion 

as per' sion 

sure ty 

ton sure 

pen' sive 

pas sion 

e mer sion 

sur est 

press ure 

scan sion 

iis sion 

a ver sion 

su mac 

fis sure 

ten sion 

ver sion 

ex ten sion 

fu' gion 

EXER C ISE 

s like zli. 
rag' ure o' gier 

15 6. 

clog' ure 

al lu' gion 

le sion 

ideas ure 

X 

ro sier 

cro sier 

col lu sion 

vis ion 

treas ure 

ho sier 

scis sure 

con tu sion 

tru sion 

scis sion 

meas ure 

us u ry 

dif fu sion 

sua sion 

bra sier 

lei sure 

us u al 

in tru sion 

EXERCISE 15 7. 

t silent, after s, in words ending in en 

or le. 

lias' ten 

moisd en 

nesd le 

this' de 

jos' de 

chas ten 

-eh 11s ten 

nest ling 

whis tie 

thros tie 

fast en 

oft en 

pes tie 

bris tie 

bus tie 

list en 

soft en 

tres tie 

gris tie 

bus tie 

glis ten 

cas tic 

wres tie 

nus tie 

rus tie 









SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 53 



EXERCISE 

- r 

15 S. 


t , after 

an accented syllable, and before 

fa, te } or fo, 


like sh. 



par' tial 

na' tion po' tion 

auc' tion 

sue' tion 

mar tial 

ra tion tor tion 

cau tion 

cap tion 

imp tial 

lo tion men tion 

trac tion 

fac tion 

pa/ tient 

mo tion op tion 

sec tion 

frac tion 

quo tient 

no tion ac tion 

die tion 

fric tion 


EXERCISE 

15 9. 


ere a' tion 

e di' tion fru 1 

' tion 

sal va' tion 

ab lu tion 

ad di tion mo ni tion 

plan ta tion 

de vo tion 

am bi tion par ti tion 

mi gra tion 

o ra tion 

condition ignition 

do na tion 

for ma tion con tri tion po si tion 

du ra tion 


EXERCISE 

10 0 . 


ere den' tial sen ten' tious pro pi' tious 

vi' ti ate 

es sen tial 

con ten tious fac ti tious 

ex pa' ti ate 

pm den tial li een tious nu tri tious 

ne go ti ate 

po ten tial 

in fee tious se di tious 

sub stan ti ate 

sol sti tial 

fa ce tious ha gi tious 

in l ti ate 


EXERCISE 

1G1. 



ih sharp, as in 

thing. 


theme 

thin throb 

threat 

thank 

thrive 

thrush third 

thrice 

think 

throne 

thrum thirst 

tiling 

theft 

thorn 

thump thrall 

throng 

thick 

thrash 

thrust thrill 

thong 

O 

thrift 


EX ER CIS E 

10 3. 


sloth 

north pith 

moth 

worth 

both 

hath smith 

broth 

heath 

ninth 

snath width 

troth 

hearth 

path 

tenth tilth 

doth 

death 

warmth 

depth plinth 

mouth 

breath 













54 

SANDERS' UNION 

SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 

16 3. 


health 

strength 

ze' nith 

an' them 

thun' der 

wealth 

length 

sab bath 

the i§m 

pa thos 

stealth 

fifth 

noth ing 

meth od 

pan ther 

south 

filth 

be troth' 

ath lete 

thresh old 

oath 

faith 

for sooth 

thim ble 

au thor 
•• 


EXERCISE 

16 4. 



ill flat, as in 

thy . 


these 

that 

smooth 

south' ern 

be neath' 

thine 

them 

booth 

fa ther 

with draw 

those 

this 

feat If er 

broth el 

with hold 

th y 

thus 

lcath er 

loath some 

with stand 

than 

they 

heath er 

fath om 

there at 


E 

X ER C I S E 

16 5. 


cloth' ing 

oth' er 

far' thing 

teth' er 

far' ther 

loath ing 

moth er 

there fore 

hi th er 

fur ther 

thy self' 

broth er 

gatli er 

with er 

wor thy 

themselves smoth er 

lath er 

thith er 

blithe some 

there of 

breth ren 

rath er 

far thest 

lithe some 


E 

X E R C I S E 

16 6. 



tv , consonant, as 

in loin. 


wab' blc 

wag' on 

wick' ed 

won' der 

whs' dom 

wad die 

wal let 

wick er 

wont cd 

won drous 

waf fie 

wal lop 

wil low 

work man 

wind row 

wa fer 

wal low 

win dow 

wood bine 

will ing 

wa ger 

war ble 

win now 

wan ton 

wish ful 


E 

X E R C IS E 

16 7. 


dwell 

swarm 

swig 

swan 

swill 

dwarf 

swag 

swing 

swerve 

swain 

swale 

swam 

swift 

swap 

sway 

swine 

sweep 

swung 

swamp 

sweal 

swarth 

swept 

swab 

• 

swell 

swoon 










SANDERS 

’ UNION 

SPELLER 

55 

swoop 

sweat 

EXE R C1 S E 

twine twit 

10 s. 

dwarf' ish 

swing' ing 

twelfth 

twist 

dwin die 

swag ger 

swinge 

twelve 

twain 

swel ter 

swim mer 

sweet 

twig 

twin 

tweak 

swin die 

swin dler 

twice 

dwell ing 

swln ish 

swal low 


EXERCISE 

16 9. 



u, like w consonant after g , s, q , and c hard. 
Ian' guage lan' guor quag' mire qui' et Hq' uid 

lan guid sua sive quar rel quib ble 


w x . x liq ue fy 

lan guish as suage' quad rate quick set eq ui tv 
1 '~ * 1_ “ 11 ’ aqueduct 

ciu rass' 
quid nunc cui §‘ine 


lin guist 
lin gual 
an guish 


---~ - 

per suade qua ver quill ing 
dis suade que ry quilt ing 

es quire que rist 


EXERCISE 17 0. 

ro silent. 


Oracle 

wrench 

icrit 

whole 

wran' gle 

wrap 

wretch 

wrong 

whoop 

wrig gle 

wreck 

wrist 

writhe 

sword 

an swer 

wren 

wreak 

wroth 

wrench 

wrath y 

wrest 

wreathe 

who 

wreck' er 

to ward 

wrath 

wrung 

o 

whose 

wres fler 

a wry' 


EXERCISE 

17 1. 


tv 

silent after 

a vowel in 

the same syllable. 

low 

blot6 

bowl 

snow 

stow 

tow 

own 

crow 

glow 

growth 

mow 

blown 

show 

grow 

tli row 

sow 

flow 

shown 

grown 

thrown 

row 

flown 

slow 

sown 

el' bow 


EXE R C IS E 

17 2. 


ar' row 

fal' lo w 

liar' row 

mbr' row 

shal' low 

bil low 

fel low 

hoi low 

nar row 

sor row 

bor row 

fol low 

mar row 

pil low 

tal low 

bur row 

hal low 

mel low 

sal low 

wid ow 

fur row 

cal low 

min now 

shad ow 

bcl' low 







56 


SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 17 3. 

vch pronounced like hw, as in whack ( hwack ). 


whale 

wliet 

whelk whip 

wheat 

whine 

when 

whelm whim 

wheel 

what 

whey 

wdielp whiff 

wheeze 

whack 

whap 

whence which 

whirl 

whang 

wharf 

whig while 

where 


EXERCISE 17 4. 


whal' er 

whey' ey whif' Her 

whisk' er 

whee die 

whim per whis ky 

whit low 

wheez y 

whin ny 

whis per 

whim ling 

wher ry 

whif fie 

whin ing 

whig gish 

whefh er 

whif fet 

whit ish 

whit ing 


EXERCISE 17 5. 


x like ks. 

x like yz 

Sounds of 
. x like gz. 

X. 

x like s/i. 

x like z. 

ex cel' 

> 

e$ act' 

e£ ult' 

nox' ious 

xe' bee 

ex cept 

ex empt 

ex ude 

anx ious 

xe riff 

ex pend 

ex ist 

ex hurt 

fl lx ion 

xys ter 
xiph oid 

ex cerpt 

ex alt 

ex hale 

flex ion 

ex pert 

ex ert 

ex haust 

sex u al 

xan thic 

EXERCISE 17 6. 

y consonant, as in you, and i consonant as 

in aV ien. 

yel' low 

min' ion 

al' ien 

val' iant 

pin' ion 
on ion 

yon der 

fus tian 

fil ial 

brill iant 

hal yard 

mill ion 

has tion 

bill iards 

pon iard 

year ling 

bun ion 

bill ion 

coll ier 

A. 

span iel 
viz ier 

law yer 

scull ion 

bull ion 

court ier 


EXERCISE 

z as in zone , and : 

17 7. 

z like zh. 


za' ny 

zepli' yr 

zlg' zag 

Hz' ard 

az' ure 

ze bra 

zer da 

zinc ous 

wiz ard 

{azli ure) 
az urn 

ze bu 

ze ro 

diz zy 

giz zard 

ze bub 

ze ta 

fuz zy 

haz ard 

gra zier 

ze nitli 

zeug md 

O 

ziz el 

buz zard 

sei zure 










SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 57 

SECTION X, 

RULES FOR SPELLING. 

RULE I. 

✓ 

Monosyllables ending in/ /, 01 * 5 , immediately preceded 
by a single vowel, usually double the final letter. 


EXERCISE 17 S. 


raff 

off 

fall 

ell 

ill 

graff 

buff 

pall 

tell 

bill 

cliff 

muff 

tall 

well 

fill 

skiff 

snuff 

stall 

spell 

hill 

whiff 

stuff 

small 

quell 

pill 


/; \ j 

E R C IS E 17 0. 


nil 

thrill 

skill 

doll 

lull 

mill 

trill 

swill 

loll 

dull 

sill 

chill 

troll 

poll 

hull 

frill 

quill 

stroll 

roll 

null 

drill 

shrill 

scroll 

droll 

mull 

• 


EXERCISE ISO. 

• 

lass 

mess 

tress 

loss 

cross 

pass 

chess 

stress 

toss 

gloss 

class 

cress 

bless 

boss 

muss 

brass 

dress 

kiss 

moss 

truss 

grass 

press 

miss 

floss 

puss 


EXCEPTIONS TO RULE I. 



EXERCISE 18 1. 


if 

gas this 


sal, 

salt. 

of (ov) 

has thus 

bul, 

a flounder. 

as 

wag sol, 

the sun. 

nul, 

no ; not any. 

is 

his sol, 

a coin. 

pus, morbid matter. 

US 

yes sol, 

note in music. 

clef, key-note mark. 


















58 

SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

* 


RULE 

ii. 

Monosyllables ending in any other consonant than f l, 

or 5 , preceded by a 

single vowel 

, do not double the final 

letter; thus, top, dot 

cox, whiz. 

For numerous examples 

under this Kule, see 

pages 19 and 20. 


EXCEPTIONS TO 

RULE II. 


EXER C IS E 

18 2. 

abb 

inn 

fizz 

jagg, a notch. 

add 

mitt 

fuzz 

bigg, hind of barley. 

ebb 

plitt 

buzz 

butt, a mark. 

egg 

smitt 

rudd 

mumm, to mask. 

odd 

lamm 

birr 

parr, kind of fish. 

err 

wapp 

shirr 

sebmm, buffoon. 



RULE III. 

Monosyllables ending with 

the sound of k , and in 

which c 

follows the vowel, usually take the letter Rafter 

the c. 




1 

EXER C IS E 

18 3. 

back 

slack 

tack 

neck pick 

hack 

smack 

stack 

peck rick 

lack 

pack 

beck 

speck sick 

black 

brack 

deck 

kick tick 

clack 

crack 

check 

lick wick 

sack 

^rack 

fleck 

nick thick 


EXERCISE 

18 4. 

click 

mock 

flock 

luck pluck 

brick 

pock 

brock 

duck truck 

trick 

rock 

crock 

muck struck 

stick 

sock 

frock 

tuck stuck 

chick 

block 

stock 

buck cluck 

quick 

! 

clock 

dock 

suck chuck 






















SANDERS 5 UNION SPELLER. 


59 


EXCEPTIONS TO RULE III. 
EXERCISE 18 5. 


tale, a mineral. 
zinc, a metal. 
arc, part of a circle. 
sac, bag. 

lac, a resinous substance . 
roc, a large bird. 


> fisc, treasury. 
i ore, a kind of fish. 
soc, tenant's privilege. 
ploc, mixture of hair and tar. 
marc, coin; refuse of pressed 
fruit. 


RTJLE I "V. 

Words of more than one syllable ending in ic or me, 
that is, ending in the sound of lc, do not, with the excep¬ 
tion of the word, der rick, assume the letter k. 


EXERCISE 18 0. 


sto' ic 
lu brie 
frol ic 
rus tic 
arc tic 
cam brie 


car' di ac 
ll i ac 
ee li ac 
ina ni ac 
zo di ac 


phi lip' pic 
bar bar ic 
gy lin dric 
ge neric 
hys ter ic 
syl lab ic 
spa§ mod ic 


trag' ic 
log ic 
com ic 
eth nic 
cl in ic 
con ic 


chron' ic 
ton ic 
top ic 
trop ic 
hec tic 
fab ric 


ru' brie 
spher ic 
cen trie 
gas trie 
clas sic 
an tic 


fran' tic 
skep tic 
cryp tic 
styp tic 
plas tic 
caus tic 


EXERCISE 18 7. 

lu' na tic ag' a ric 

splen' e tic 

pleth o ric 
pol i tic 

Ar a bic 

cliol er ic 

cath o lie 

bish op ric 

rAet o ric 

her e tic 

cli mac' te ric 

tur mer ic 

ar se nic 

a ritli me tic 

EXERCISE 188. 

em pir' ic ec gen' trie 

lym phat' ic 

his tor ic 

fo ren sic 

clra mat ic 

the at ric 

in trin sic 

prag mat ic 

e lec trie 

ex trin sic 

dog mat ic 

ob stet ric 

em phat ic 

ast/i mat ic 

mor bif ic 

spe cif ic 

svn od ic 

pa cif ic 

pro lif ic 

som nif ic 


3* 











60 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 



E X EII C 

ISE 189. 


rheu mat' ic 

ec stat' ic 

ath let' ic 

ar thnt' ic 

he pat ic 

di dac tic 

e met ic 

pleu rit ic 

fa nat ic 

pro phet ic 

her met ic 

pe dant ic 

quad rat ic 

}>a thet ic 

co§ met ic 

gi gan tic 

er rat ic 

svn thet ic 

o 

mag net ic 

ro man tic 


E X ER C 

% 

ISE 19 0. 


au then' tic 

el lip' tic 

gym nas' tic 

prog nos' tic 

eh a ot ic 

sar cas tic 

mo nas tic 

a cros tic 

des pot ic 

e las tic 

fan tas tic 

bal sam ic 

e£ ot ic 

seho las tic 

ma jes tic 

me ehan ic 

e clip tic 

ca thar tic 

do mes tic 

pul mon ic 

ter rif ic 

tho rag ic 

ec cen trie 

po et ic 


ru: 

L, E "V. 



Words of more than one syllable, in which c, in the 
ending, does not come after the vowels i or fa, terminate 
in ck. 


ar' rack 

EXERCISE 

pea' cock hill' ock 

19 1. 

liam' mock 

has' sock 

bar rack 

had dock 

hem lock 

ban nock 

tus sock 

car ack 

pad dock 

fet lock 

pin nock 

be deck' 

ran sack 

pad lock 

cam mock 

sham rock 

un lock 

gim crack 
gir rock 

wed lock 

bull ock 

cas sock 

at tack 

lin stock 

war lock 

fore lock 

a back 

has sock 

mat tock 

fire lock 

bur dock 

un pack 


EXCEPTIONS TO RULE V. 

EXERCISE 19 2. 

lim' bee, a still; an alembic, j su' mac (shu male), a plant 

re bee, a musical instrument, j or shrub. 

xe bee (ze bee), a kind of ves- [ ma ni oc, a tropical plant. 

sel or ship. j san da rac, a sort of resin. 

hav oc, destruction. \ al ma nac, a calendar. 










SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 01 


RULE YI. 


In forming derivatives from words ending in c, the let¬ 
ter Jc is inserted before suffixes beginning with e, i, or y, 
to prevent the c from being sounded like 5. 


phys' ic 
pliys ick ed 
phys ick ing 
col ic 
col ick y 


EXER 

traf' fic 
traf tick er 
traf lick ing 
gar lie 
gar lick y 


IS E 10 3. 

frol' ic 
frol ick ed 
frol ick ing 
bi v ouac(-w;a 
biv ouack ed 


mini' ic 
mini ick ed 
mini ick ing 
7 c) mini ick er 
biv ouack ing 


RULE VII. 


The final consonant of a monosyllable (h and x ex¬ 
cepted), or of any word accented on the last syllable, if 
preceded by a single vowel, is doubled before a suffix 
beginning with a vowel. 


EXERCISE 10 4. 


bag 

beg 

con. fer' 

de fer' 

bag' gage 

beg' ging 

con fer red 

de fer red 

bag ged 

beg ged 

con fer ree' 

de fer ring 

bag ging 

beg gar 

con fer' rer 

de fer rer 

bag gy 

beg gar y 

con fer ra ble 

in fer red 


EXERCISE 10 5. 


cot 

squab 

pre fer' 

re fer' 

cot' ter 

squab' by 

pre fer red 

re fer red 

cot tage 

squat 

pre fer ring 

re fer ring 

cot ta ger 

squat ting 

pre fer rer 

re fer rer 

cot ta ged 

squat ter 

in fer ring 

O 

re fer' ri ble 


EXERCISE 106. 


star 

plan 

trans fer' 

ex pel' 

star' ry 

plan' ner 

trans fer red 

ex pel led 

star ri ness 

plan ning 

trans fer ring 

ex pel ling 

star red 

clan 

trans fer rer 

ex pel ler 

star ring 

clan nish 

trans fer ri ble ex pel la ble 












62 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


j: x 1 : it c is e 197 . 


gas 

gas' sy 
gas sing 
quit* 
quit ting 


gum 

gum' ming 
gum my 
gum mi er 
gum mi est 


com pel' 
coin pel led 
com pel ling 
com pel la ble 
com pel la bly 


pro pel' 
pro pel led 
pro pel ling 
pro pel ler 
dis pel ling 


re bel' 
re bel ling 
re bell ion 
re bell ious 
re bel ler 


E X i: R 

be gin' 
be gin ning 
be gin ner 
be fog 
be fog ged 

O O 


C IS E 19 S. 

a bet' 
a bet ted 
a bet ting 
a bet tor 
a bet tal 


ac quit' 
ac quit ted 
ac quit ting 
ac quit tal 
ac quit tance 


EXCEPTIONS TO RULE VII. 
EXERCISE 199. 


gas' es 
ga§ e ous 
gas o' i ty 
gas' i fy 
con fer encef 


- from gas. 
from confer'. 


cab' al ist 
cab a list' ic 
cab' al ize 
cab al i§m 
ex cel lence 


from cabal 
from excel' 


EXERCISE 2 00. 


def er ent 
def er ence 
pref er ence 
pref er a ble 
pref er a bly 


| from defer’. 
V from prefer' 


ref' er ence 
ref er a ble 
ref er ee' 
in' fer ence 
in fer a ble 



* Tho u in quit being equal to w consonant ( kivit ), forms no exception 
to the Rule. 

f Notice that, in this word, tho accent has been thrown lack from the 
place it occupied in the primitive {confer’). When this change takes place, 
tho rule does not apply, and so arise exceptions such as most of those above. 
When, however, in forming derivatives, the accent is thrown forward , as in 
eq'ual, equal'ity, for' mat, for mat' ity, an'gel, an gel'ic, etc., the final letter 
is not generally doubled. 

















from sal 
(salt). 


EXERCISE 201. 

transference ) f saline' 

trans fer' a ble V f , sa lln ous 
transferee' ) <rBn ^ r - sal'ify 

cha grin' ed j from sal i fi a ble 

clia grin ing j chagrin '. sal i fi ca' tion 

R.TJ1L.IC VIII. 

The final consonant of any word, if not immediately 
preceded by a single vowel, or not under the accent, re¬ 
mains single upon the addition of a suffix. 



EXERCISE 202. 


daub 

need 

brief 

pet' al 

daub' ed 

need' ed 

brief' er 

pet al ed 

daub ing 

need ing 

brief est 

pet al ous 

daub er 

need y 

vig or 

pet al oid 

daub y 

lieed ing 

vig or ous 

pet al igm 


EXERCISE 2 0 3. 


prof' it 

pi' lot 

ap par' el* 

wool 

prof it ed 

pi lot ed 

ap par el ed 

wool' en 

prof it ing 

pi lot age 

bar' rel 

bl as 

prof it a ble 

ben e fit 

bar rel ed 

bi as ed 

prof it a bly 

ben e fit ed 

bar rel ing 

bias ing 


EXERCISE 204. 


trav' el 

car' ol 

cav' il 

coun' sel 

trav el ing 

car ol ed 

cav il ed 

coun sel ed 

trav el er 

car ol ing 

cav il ing 

coun sel ing 

em bow' el 

can' cel 

cav il er 

coun sel or 

em bow el ed 

can celed 

cav il ous 

coun sel a ble 

em bow el ing 

can cel ing 

cav il ous ly 

counselorship 

* Derivatives formed from primitives ending in 1 or p, 

are by some written 

with tiie final letter double ; thus, 

traveller instead of traveler , worshipper 

instead of worshiper , etc. This, however, is against the rule followed by 

Dr. Webster, which is founded on analogy, aud ought to be observed. 















64 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 0 5. 


dl' al 
di al ed 
di al ing 
di sliev' el 
di sliev el ed 
di sliev el ing 


du' el 
du el ing 
du el ist 
em pan' el 
em pan el ed 
em pan el ing 


en am' el 
en am el ed 
en am el ing 
en am el ar 
en am el er 
en am el ist 


e' qual 
e qual ed 
e qual ing 
e qual ize 
e qual iz ed 
e qual' i ty 


EXERCISE 200. 


gam' bol 

hatch' el 

jew' el 

gam bol ed 

batch el ed 

jew el ed 

gam bol ing 

hatch el er 

jew el er 

gray el 

im per' il 

ken nel 

gray el ed 

im per il ed 

ken nel ed 

gray el ing 

im per il ing 

ken nel ing 


EXER C. 

IS E 2 0 7. 

la' bel 

11' bel 

mar' shal 

la bel ed 

li bel ed 

mar shal ed 

la bel ing 

li bel ing 

mar shal ing 

lev el 

li bel er 

mar vel 

lev el ing 

li bel ous 

mar vel ed 

lev el er 

li bel ant 

mar vel ous 


EXER C 

ISE 20S. 

pan' el 

par' al lei 

pen' $il 

pan el ed 

par al lei ed 

pen cil ed 

pan el ing 

par al lei ing 

pen cil ing 

par (jel 

par al lei igm 

pis tol 

par cel ed 

par al lei ize 

pis tol ed 

par cel ing 

par al lei is' tic pis tol ing 


EXERC . 

IS E 2 0 9. 

vict' wal 

tran' quil 

wor' ship 

vict ual ed 

trail quil Ize 

wor ship ed 

vict ual ing 

tran quil ized 

wor ship ing 

vict ual er 

nov el 

wor ship er 

vl ol 

nov el ist 

gal lop 

vi ol is' tic 

nov el ize 

gal lop ing 


kid' nap 
kid nap ed 
kid nap ing 
kid nap er 
lau rel 
lau rel ed 


med' al 
med al et 
med al ist 
mod el 
mod el ing 
mod el er 


per' il 
per il ed 
per il ing 
per il ous 
per il ous ly 
per il ous ness 


gos' sip 
gos sip ed 
gos sip ing 
met al 
met al ed 
met al ing 










SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


65 


lium' bug ged 


hum bug ging 
hum bug ger 
hum bug ger y 
per i wig ged 
per i wig ging 


EXCEPTIONS TO RULE VIII. 
EXERCISE 2 10. 

met' al loid 
met al list 


from 

' humbug. met al lize 
met al line 


from 
metal. * 


i 


from me tal' lie 

periwig, me dal lie from medal. 


EXERCISE 211. 


cry s' tal line 
crys tal loid 
crys tal lize 
crys tal liz ed 
crys tal liz a ble* 
crys tal li za' tion ^ 


from 
” crystal. 


chan' cel lor 
chan cel lor ship 
trail quil' li ty 
tyr' an ny 
tyr an nlze 
ty ran' nic 


from 

chancel. 

tranquil. 

from 
tyran. f 


IZ XIHi Ill IX. 


Words ending in a double consonant usually retain 
both letters upon receiving a suffix. 


EXERCISE 212 , 


add 

ebb 

err 

mumm 

add'ed 

ebb' ed 

err' ed 

mumm' ed 

add ing 

ebb ing 

err ing 

mumm ing 

re miss' 

Acer 

er rant 

mum mer 

re miss ness 

egg er y er rat ic 

EXERCISE 213. 

mum mer y 

quaff 

whiff 

tar' iff 

stiff 

quaff' ed 

whiff' ed 

tar iff ed 

stiff er 

quaff ing 
buzz 

whiff* ing 

bluff 

stiff est 

whif fet 

bluff ness 

stiff* en 

buzz ed 

cliff 

slier iff 

stiff ly 

buzz ing 

cliff y 

sher iff al ty 

stiff ness 

* See also, 

cancellation , p. 

153. f Old form for tyrant. 


















66 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 214. 


scuff 

doff 

huff 

gruff 

scoff' ed 

doff' ed 

huff' y 

gruff' ly 

scoff ing 

doff* ing 

huff i ness 

gruff ness 

scoff er 

cuff 

huff isli 

gruff er 

scoff* er y 

cuff ed 

huff isli ly 

squall 

scoff' ing ly 

cuffing 

huff er 

squall y 


EXERCISE 2 IS. 


small 

ap pall' 

in still' 

thrall 

small' er 

ap pall ed 

in still ing 

thrall' ed 

small est 

ap pall ing 

in still ment 

thrall dom 

small ness 

ap pall ing ly 

in still er 

thrall ing 

small isli 

ap pall ment 

in stil la' tion 

thrall-less* 


EXERCISE 210. 


droll 

pass 

less 

in thrall' 

droll' er 

pass' ing 

less' en 

in thrall ment 

droll er y 

pass er 

bliss 

in stall 

droll isli 

pass a hie 

bliss ful 

in stall ment 

droll ing ly 

pas sage 

bliss less 

in stal la' tion 


EXERCISE 217. 


smell 

chill 

roll 

still 

smell'-less 

chill' ing 

roll' er 

still' er 

hill 

chill ness 

roll ing 

still est 

hilly 

chill y 

roll ed 

still ness 

hill ock 

chill i ness 

roll a ble 

still y 


EXERCISE 2 IS. 


will 

skill 

dull 

full 

will' ful 

skill' ful 

dull' ness 

full' ness 

will ing 

skill ful ly 

dull isli 

gall 

will ing ness 

skilled 

bell 

gall ing 

will er 

skill-less 

bell-less 

gall-less 


* Words ending in ll, upon taking the suffix less , either insert a hyphen 
(-), as in thrall-less, or drop one l , and so become exceptions to the rule; 
thus, bd-less, for bell-less. 












SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


67 


EXCEPTIONS TO RULE IX. 
EXERCISE 219. 


pon tif' ic 
pon tif ic al 
pon tif ic al ly 
pon tif ic ate 
pon ti fi' cial 


11'ly* ^ 

S" 

dul ly 


- from pontiff. ful ly 

- from - 

shril ly 


smal ly __ 



ill 

dull 

full 

shrill 

small 


RULE X . 


VVords ending with e silent commonly dro ]3 the e upon 
taking a suffix beginning with a vowel. 


EXERCISE 2 2 0. 


dote 

blame 

bias pheme' 

bronze 

dot' ed 

blam/ ed 

bias pliem ed 

bronz' ing 

dot ing 

blam ing 

O 

bias phem er 

bronz ine 

do tard 

blam er 

bias'phe mous 

bronz ist 

do tage 

blam a ble 

bias phe my 

bronz y 


EXERCISE 2 21. 


ca rouge' 

cldge 

virt' ue 

stat' ue 

ca rous ing 

cl os' ing 

virt u al 

stat u ing 

ca rous er 

clos er 

virt u al ly 

stat u a ry 

ca rous al 

clos ure 

virt u ous 

stat u ette' 

ca rous ing 

ly clos et 

virt u ous Iv 

•/ 

stat u esq ue 


EXERCISE 222. 


rAyme 

brave 

sane 

style 

rh ym' er 

brav' er 

san'i ty 

styl' ish 

rhym ist 

brav est 

sail i ta ry 

shade 

rhym ic 

brav er y 

san a tive 

shad y 

rhym er y 

bra va' do 

san a to ry 

shad i ness 


* The second l, in each of these words, ill, dull, full, shrill, small, is left 
out, as is plain, to prevent the tripling of that letter in the middle of a 
word; otherwise they would have to be written ill-ly, didl-ly , full-ly, 
shrillly, and small-ly, as in the case of skill-less , &c. See note, page 66. 




























68 


valve 
valv' ate 
valv ule 
valv u lar 
up heave' 
up heav al 


peage 

peace' a ble 
trage 

trace a ble 
pierge 
pierce a ble 


NDERS' 

UNION SP 

ELLER. 


EXE 

RCISE 223 . 


zone 

i r ™s* ] 


r lie 

zon' ule 

tying 


tie 

zon u lar 

vy mg 

- from - 

vie 

zo nar 

by ing 

hie 

be have' 

dy mg 


die 

be hav ior 

eying J 


t 

o 

VI 

o 


EXCEPTIONS TO RULE X. 


ser' vige 


EXERCISE 2 3 4. 

pro nounge' charge 
ser vice a ble pro nounce a ble charge' a ble 
di vorge' en tlge dam age 

di vorce a ble en tice a ble dam age a ble 

en forge no' tice man age 

en force a ble no tice a ble man age a ble 


dial' lenge 


change 


EXERCISE 2 2.%. 

out' rage dye' ing;j: 

chal lenge a ble change' a ble out ra' geous singe ing 
mar riage lodge ad van tage tinge ing 

mar riage a ble lodge a ble ad van ta' geous swinge ing 
voy age cour age mort' gage springe ing 

voy age a ble cou ra' geous mort gage or'f mile age 


line 
lin' e al 
lin e age 
lin e ar 
lin e ate 
con' ge 
con ge ed 
con ge ing 


see 


EXERCISE 2 2 6. 

j 


see mg 


flee 

flee ing 
fric as see' 
fric as see ing vi se (ve zd) 
free vi se ed 

free' ing 


a gree 
a gree a ble 
ra zee 
ra ze ed 
ra zee ing 


vi se mg 


de cree' 
de cree a ble 
hoe 

hoe ing 
toe 

toe ing 

shoe 

• • 

shoeing 

•• o 


* Note that in lying, tying , vying , hying, dying, (from die), after the e is 
dropped according to rule, the i preceding is changed into y to prevent the 
doubling of i in the middle of a word. 

f The e after c and g. in all these examples, is retained in order to pre¬ 
serve the soft sounds of these letters. 

X The e, in dyeing , tingeing, swingeing, singeing, springeing, serves to dis¬ 
tinguish these words from dying (to expire), tinging, swinging, etc. 















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 69 


RULE XI. 

Words ending with e silent, retain the e before a suffix 
beginning with a consonant. 


EXERCISE 227. 


safe 

duke 

free 

med' die 

safe' ty 

duke' dom 

free' ly 

med die some 

pale 

dove 

house 

nine 

pale ness 

dove let 

house less 

nine ty 

flame 

sup pie 

mole 

au stere' 

flame let 

sup pie ness 

mole cule 

au stere ly 

re quire' 

home 

prince 

con dole 

re quire ment 

home ly 

prince dom 

con dole ment 

res' pite 

lone 

like 

trite 

res pite less 

lone some 

like ness 

trite' ly 


EXCEPTIONS TO RULE XI. 
EXERCISE 328. 


due 

ikhole 

nurse 

lodge 

du' ly 

whol' ly 

nurs' ling 

lodg' ment 

true 

awe 

ar' gue 

a bridge' 

tru ly 

aw ful 

ar gu ment 

a bridg ment 

ac crue' 

wl§e 

judge 

ac ImowY edge 

ac cru ment wis dom 
•• 

judg ment 

ac knowl edg ment 


RULE XII. 

Words ending with y, preceded by a consonant, on re¬ 
ceiving a suffix, commonly change the y into i. 

va' ry 
%/ 

va ri ous 
va ri a ble 
va ri a/ tion 
va ri' e ty 


EXERCISE 2 2 9. 


bod' v 
bod i ly 
bod ies 
gicl dy 
gid di ness 


mer' qy 
mer ci ful 
mer ci less 
sau gy 
sau ci ly 


stud' y 
stud ied 
stud i er 
stu' di ous 
stu di ous ly 











70 s a 

NDERS’ UN 

ION SPELL 

ER. 


EXERC 

ISE 230. 


car' ry 

hoar' y 

na' vy 

mel' o dy 

car ried 

hoar i ness 

na vies 

mel o dies 

car ries 

dl a ry 

dit ty 

dy nas ty 

car riage 

di a rist 

dit ties 

dy nas ties 

car ri er 

di a' ri al 

git y 

cru elty 

car ri a ble 

di a ri an 

cit ies 

cru el ties 


EXCEPTIONS 

TO RULE XII. 



EXERC 

ISE 2 3 1. 


shy 

sly 

dry 

spry 

shy' er 

sly' er 

dri' er* 

spry' er 

shy est 

sly est 

dri est 

spry est 

shy ly 

sly ly 

dry ly 

ivry 

shy ness 

sly ness 

dry ness 

wry ness 


EX E R C 

ISE 232. 


ba'by 

sure' ty 

pit' y 

pu' ri ty 

ba by hood 

sure ty ship 

pit e ous 

pu ri tan 

ba by ship 

du ty 

plen ty 

char i ty 

la dy 

du te ous* 

plen te ous 

char i ta ble 

la dy kin 

boun ty 

beau ty 

verity 

la dy ship 

boun te ous 

beau te ous 

ver i ta ble 


iz tt u .k xiii. 



The final y 
ing before a 
unchanged. 

key 
key§ 
key' age 
lack ey 
lack eys 
lack ey ing 


when preceded by a vowel, or when corn- 
suffix beginning with the letter i. remains 


EXERCISE 233. 

f 


jock'ey 
jock ey§ 
jock ey ed 
jock ey ing 
jock ey igm 
jock ey ship 


mon ey 
moil ey§ 
mon ey ed 
mon ey less 
mon ey er 
mon ey age 


monk' ey 
monk ey§ 
monk ey igm 
vol ley 
vol leys 
vol ley ed 


* Note that drier and driest follow the rule, and that duty, pity , plenty, 
bounty , and beauty , change y final into e; while in puritan, and charitable, 
as in some similar cases, the y is simply omitted. 











SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 71 


E X E II CIS E 234. 


val' ley 

par' ley 

jour' ney 

sur \ 

-ey' 

val ley§ 

par ley ing 

jour ney ed 

sur a 

-ey mg 

al ley 

lion ey 

journeying sur vey al 

al leys 

hon e 

;yed 

jour ney er 

sur vey or 

gal ley 

hack 

ney 

at tor' ney 

cau' 

sey 

gal leys 

hack 

ney ed 

at tor neys 

cau sey ed 


EXERC 

ISE 235. 



clay 

de coy' 

en' vy 

cul' 

l 7 

clay' ish 

de coy ing 

en vy ing 

cul ly i§m 

clay ey 

de coy ed 

gl5 ry 

spy 


whey 

enjoy 

glo ry ing 

spy igm 

whey ish 

en joy ing 

va ry 

dis play' 

whey ey 

en joy ment 

va ry ing 

dis play ed 


EXCEPTIONS 

TO RULE XIII. 



EXER C 

ISE 2 3 6. 



laid 



staid 


' slay. 

paid 
mis laid' 

- from - 

lay. 

slain 

said 

- from - 

slay. 

re paid 


jjay. 

saith 


say. 

un paid 



dai' ly 


w day. 


R TJH.K XIY. 

Words ending in / or fe commonly change the / into 
v upon receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel. 

EXERCISE 237. 


grief 
grieve 
griev' ing 
griev ance 
griev ous 
griev a ble 


thief 
thiev' ing 
thiev ish 
thiev ish ness 
thiev ish ly 
thiev er y 


safe 
save 
sav'ed 
sav ing 
sav ing ly 
sav er 


be lief' 
be lieve 
be liev ed 
be liev inor 

O 

be liev er 
be liev a ble 














72 

SANDERS* UNION SPELLER. 


EXCEPTIONS 

TO RULE XIY. 



EXERCISE 2 3 8. 


deaf 

brief 

gulf 

dwarf 

deaf'en 

brief' er 

gulf y 

dwarf' ish 

oaf 

wolf 

turf 

dwarf ish ness 

oaf ish 

wolf ish 

turf y 

dwarf ed 

leaf 

elf 

turf ed 

dwarf ing 

leaf y 

elf ish 

turf ing 

safe 

chief 

self 

shelf 

saf er 

chief est 

self ish 

i 

shelf y 

saf est 


RULE XV. 



SPELLING 

OF PLURALS. 

Nouns ending in a sound that will unite with that of 

s, form the plural by addin 

g s only; in 

other cases, the 

plural is 1 

egularly formed by adding es. 

• 


EXERCISE 239. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL IN 8. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL IN ES. 

cbm' ma 

com' mag 

lage 

lag' eg 

cob web 

cob webs 

edge 

edg es 

pan ic 

pan ics 

niche 

nich es 

ag id 

ag ids 

wish 

wish es 

lap dog 

lap dogs 

leng 

lens es 

bail iff 

bail iffs 

glass 

glass es 

fu gee' 

fu gees' 

r 

ghaige 

chais es 


EXERCISE 240. 


stom' ach 

stom' aclis 

corpse 

corps' eg 

muf ti 

muf tig 

nurse 

nurs es 

der rick 

der ricks 

blaze 

blaz es 

ras cal 

ras cals 

box 

box es 

a larm' 

a larms' 

buzz 

buzz es 

Ger' man 

Ger' mans 

clr cus 

clr cus es 

tyro 

ty ros 

gal' lows 

gal lows es 

bam boo' 

bam boos' 

sum mons 

sum mons es 

—--— 










SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 73 


EXCEPTIONS TO RULE XV. 
EXERCISE 241. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

no 

noe§ 

bra' vo 

bra' voe§ 

lie' ro 

he'roes 

mot to 

mot toes 

ne gro 

ne groes 

grot to 

grot toes 

ecli o 

ech oes 

bil bo 

bil boes 

car go 

car goes 

bu bo 

bu boes 

po ta' to 

po ta' toes 

cal i co 

cal i coes 

yoI ca no 

vol ca noes 

por ti co 

por ti coes 

em bar go 

em bar goes 

tor na' do 

tor na' does 

buf' fa lo 

buf' fa loes 

tor pe do 

tor pe does 

mu lat' to 

mu lat' toes 

vi ra go 

vi ra goes 

man i fes' to 

man i fes' toes in nu en'do 

in nu en' does 

mag nif' i co 

mag nif i coes 

pec ca dil lo 

pec ca dil loes* 


EXERCISE 242. 


slieaf 

sheavesf 

elf 

elve§ 

leaf 

leaves 

shelf 

shelves 

loaf 

loaves 

self 

selves 

beef 

beeves 

wolf 

wolves 

thief 

thieves 

life 

lives 

caK 

calves 

wife 

wives 

haff 

halves 

&nife 

knives 


EXERCISE 243. 


wharf 

\ wharfs 

hob' by 

hob' biesj 

1 wharves 

body 

bod ies 

staff 

I staffs 
staves 

boo by 
mer <jy 

boo bies 
mer gies 

rah' bi 

rab' bis 

tro pliy 

tro phies 

rab bies 

wor fhy 

wor fhies 

al' ka li 

al' ka lis 
al ka lies 

bul ly 

ally" 

bul lies 
al lies' 


* The exceptions ending in o, it will be observed, are words in which 
the o is preceded by a consonant. Few in which t'f.at is the case, follow 
the rule; but, among them are some in very general use, as halo , halos; 
quarto , quartos; salvo , salvos; junto, juntos; canto, cantos; octavo , octavos; 
memento , mementos. 

f For the change of /into v in these examples, see Rule XIV. 

\ For the change of y into i in forming these plurals, see Rule XII. 










74 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


i: x e n 

CIS E 2 4 4. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

man 

yeo' man 

men 

yeo' men 

broth'er < 

broth' ers 
bretli ren 

ox 

ox en 

pea < 

* , 

pcag 

die | 

dies 

dige 

peage 
pen' nies 

child 

clnl' dren 

pen ny 

penge 

foot 

feet 

mouse 

mlge 

tooth 

teeth 

dor' mouse 

dor' mice 

goose 

geese 

worn an 

worn en 

louse 

llge 

foe man 

foe men 


EXEE 

CISE 245. 


ba' sis* 

ba' seg 

ar ca' num 

ar ca' na 

cri sis 

cri ses 

er ra turn 

er ra ta 

da turn 

da ta 

el lip sis 

el lip ses 

fo cus 

fo cl 

syn op sis 

sjni op ses 

ma gus 

ma gl 

a lum nus 

a lum ill 

pha sis 

pha ses 

neb'u la 

neb' u loe 

the sis 

the ses 

stim u lus 

stim u ll 

ax is 

ax es 

ter mi nus 

ter mi ni 

ros tram 

ros tra 

ver te bra 

ver te brio 

lar va 

lar vsq 

a nal' y sis 

a nal' y ses 


EX EE 

CISE 24G. 


fo' cus ■! 

fb' cus eg 
fo ci 

ra' di us 

ra' di us eg 
ra di I 

ser aph -1 

ser aphs 
ser a phim 

nu cle us 

nu cle us es 
nu cle l 

in dex 

in' dex es 
in di cos 

en cd' mi um ■ 

en co' mi ums 
en co mi a 

ban dit 

i ban dits 
[ ban dit' ti 

. 

gym na si um - 

i gymnasiums 
[ gym na si a 

me' di um • 

i me' di ums 
[ me di a 

au tom a ton • 

i au tom a tons 
[ au tom a ta 

ge ni us 

I ge ni us es 
ge ni I 

phenomenon 

i phenomenons 
[ phe nom e na 

* Exercises 245 and 246 consist entirely of words from foreign languages, 
which, in English, retain the foreign forms of the plural. Some of them, 

however, have, also, the regular English form. 
















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 75 

RULE X YI. 

Compound words usually retain the spelling proper to 
the simple words composing them. 


EXERCISE 247. 


blue' bell* 

bride' groom 

O 

red' top 

high' way 

book store 

night mare 

red wing 

gang way 

book worm 

night shade 

red bird 

path way 

breast pin 

play thing 

black bird 

J- i/ 

birth day 

kJ 

breast plate 

play bright 

blue bird 

doomg day 


EXERCISE 2 4 S. 


star' light 

high' land 

black' board 

whet' stone 

moon light 

head land 

ship board 

mill stone 

day light 

low land 

foot fall 

load stone 

block head 

dog star 

foot man 

brow beat 

round head 

vine yard 

foot stool 

church man 


EXERCISE 249. 


coach' man 

whole' sale 

main' sail 

noon' tide 

bed stead 

steers mate 

main spring 

grand sire 

mer maid 

head long 

scare crow 

ware house 

slip shod 

live long 

bow string 

ear ache 

turn pike 

bon fire 

break fast 

tooth ache 


EXERCISE 250. 


bear’g'-foot 

night'-fall 

red'-hot 

door'-way 

blue-fish * 

oil-man 

cat-bird 

pay-day 

book-case 

play-book 

snow-bird 

row-boat 

bride-cake 

pump-stock 

rice-bird 

steam-bdat 

bride’s-maid 

purse-proud 

pine-tree 

gas-light 


* The two parts of a permanent compound are usually written together 
as one word; as breastpin; in other cases they are connected by a hyphen, 
as in door-way , book-case . When the first part of the compound is a noun 
in the Possessive Case, the sign (’) of possession is mostly omitted; thus, 
bondsman , not bond'sman . Sometimes, also, the s is dropped, as in bond- 
man. For the accentuation of compounds, see p. 80. 


4 













- -———-— - --* 

76 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 251. 


bulk'-head 

base'-ball 

steam'-ship 

church'-yard 

tan-yard 

first-born 

death-bed 

clothes-horse 

day-star 

foot-hold 

bow-/mot 

home-bred 

sound-board 

mile-stone 

cat’§-paw 

free-will 

air-built 

star-fish 

clioke-pear 

May-pole 


EXERCISE 2 5 2. 


club'-foot 

top'-^not 

edge'-tool 

ship'-load 

whip-lash 

snow-drop 

pack-thread 

bank-note 

hide-bound 

main-stay 

tell-tale 

arm-chair 

fire-work 

brain-sick 

heart-ache 

bail-bond 

hair-cloth 

sea-gull 

grass-plot 

bar-maid 


. ..— ^ - 

SECTION XI. 


ACCENTUATION OF CERTAIN 

CLASSES 


OF 

WORDS. 


Words of two or more 

syllables, endin 

g in ee and ose 

usually have the accent 

on the last syllable.* 


EXERCISE 253. 

- 

ee 

ee 

ose 

ose 

trust ee' 

leg a tee' 

ver bose' 

cu' mu lose 

grant ee 

ref er ee 

mor bose 

ar e nose 

les see 

as sign ee 

jo cose 

ad i pose 

do nee 

ref u gee 

mo rose 

op er ose 

set tee 

ab sen tee 

cri nose 

cor ti cose 

tou pee 

dev o tee 

ve nose 

co ma tose 

* Those ending in ose, of three syllables, however, are now by the best 

and most recent authorities accented on the first syllable; the last sylla- 

ble being still distinguished by a 

sort of secondary accent. 

















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 77 

Words ending in ic and ics usually have the accent on 

the last syllable but one.* 



EXERCISE 254. 


ic 

ic ic 

ics 

he ro' ic 

re pub' lie syl lab' ic 

eth' ics 

har mon ic 

an gel ic syn od ic 

op tics 

la con ic 

po lem ic pa cif ic 

stat ics 

bo tan ic 

spe cif ic le thar gic 

me chan' ics 

sa tan ic 

pro lif ic mo §a ic 

yrneu mat ics 

se raph ic 

ter rif ic pro sa ic 

hys ter ics 

Words ending in sion and tion have the accent on the 

last syllable but one.f 



EXERCISE 255. 


sion 

sion and tion. 

tion 

ex cur' sion 

sup pres' sion 

ad o ra' tion 

con fes sion 

con ces sion 

af fee ta tion 

de clen sion 

com mis sion 

ob li ga tion 

di men sion 

ad di tion 

com bi na tion 

per ver sion 

con di tion 

con sti tu tion 

in ver sion 

fru i tion 

av o ca tion 

Words with the endings, cate, date, 

gate, fy, tude, and 

ty, preceded by a vowel, usually have the accent on the 

last syllable but two. 



EXERCISE 256. 


cate and date 

gate and fy 

tude and ty 

dep' re cate 

del' e gate 

lat' i tude 

pred i caIfc 

ag gre gate 

am pli tude 

ed u cate 

nav i gate 

for ti tude 

can di date 

rar e fy 

dep u ty 

an te date 

mod i fy 

lib er ty 

liq ui date 

jus ti fy 

pu ber ty 

* For some exceptions to this, see Exercise 187, page 59. 

f For the sound of si and ti in these terminations, see page 10. 














78 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

Words of more 

than two syllables, ending ia, iac, ial, 

ian, eous , and ious , have the accent on 
mediately before these terminations. 

EXERCISE 2 5 7. 

the syllable im- 

ia 

iac 

ial 

ma' ni a 

Syr' i ac 

la' bi al 

sco ri a 

sal mi ac 

pre di al 

dah li a 

he li ac 

me ni al 

her ni a 

the ri ac 

ve ni al 

re ga' li a 

e le' gi ac 

ge ni al 

mi li tia 

de mo ni ac 

cor di al 

16 be li a 

sym po §i ac 

EXERCISE 2 5 8. 

se ri al 

ian 

eous 

ious 

guard' i an 

hid' e ous 

gra' cious 

ruf fian 

ig ne ous 

spa cious 

ter tian 

pit e ous 

te di ous 

styg i an 

du te ous 

o di ous 

pie be' ian 

nau se ous 

con ta' gious 

me rid i an 

her ba' ceous 

pre co cious 

co me di an 

crus ta ceous 

me lo di ous 

tra ge di an 

po ma ceous 

fe lo ni ous 

Words ending 

in acal and ical have 

the accent on the 

syllable immediately before these terminations. 

EXERCISE 259. 

acal 

ical 

ical 

he li' ac al 

med' ic al 

mo narcli' ic al 

car di ac al 

mag ic al 

en c} r c lie al 

ma ni ac al 

log ic al 

sym bol ic al 

the ri ac al 

graph ic al 

pe ri od' ic al 

zo di ac al 

com ic al 

ge o graph ic al 

de mo ni' ac al 

sto ic al 

di a bol ic al 

am mo ni ac al 

cu bic al 

non sens ic al 

el e gi ac al 

trag ic al 

syn od ic al 












SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER, 79 


Words ending in eal , ean , and eum are accented, some 
of them on the penult, or the last syllable but one, and 
some on the antepenult, or last syllable but two. 

i 

EXERCISE SCO. 


Accent on the penult. 

i de' al 
an re al 
pyg me an 
Le the an 
mu se um 
ly ce um 


Accent on the penult . 

hy men e' al 

ein py re an 

At lan te an 

Eu ro pe an 

col os se um 

mau so le um 
•• 


EXER CIS E 


Accent on the antepenult. 
lin' e al 
bo re al 
ce re al 
lac te al 
os se an 
or de al 
ar bo' re al 
cor po re al 


26 1. 

Accent on the antepenult. 

em pyr' e al 
ce ru le an 
nec ta re an 
pe tro le um 
liy per bo' re an 
Ep i cu re an 
Her cu la ne an 
sub ter ra ne an 


Words with the following endings,” have the accent on 
the last syllable but two. 


EXERCISE 2 6 2. 


de moc' ra cy 
som nif er ous 
cir cum flu ent 
cli ag o nal 
co§ mog o ny 
ge og ra plier 
as trol o ger 
phi lol o gist 
su per flu ous 


my thol' o gy 
so lil o quy 
lo gom a chy 
po lym a thy 
ba rom e ter 
ge om e try 
e con o my 
o yip a rous 
an tip a thy 


an tipli' o ny 
mi cros co py 
a pos tro phe 
a nat o my 
phi los o pliy 
mo not o ny 
bel lig er ous 
ig niv o mous 
car niy o rous 


* That is, words ending in cracy, ferous, fluent , go nal, gony , grapher , etc. 











80 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


Compound words have tlie accent on the first, or sped- 

EXERCISE 263. 


fying term. 

blind' man 
name sake 
brim stone 
broad side 
broad sword 
green gage 
green horn 
green sward 
brake man 


ink' stand 
hen bane 
rats bane 
states man 
sports man 
bird man 
twist band 
grand child 
hand maid 


marks' man 
work man 
lilke warm 
land lord 
land mark 
linch pin 
hedge hog 
cat mint 
bans' man 


hand' spike 
horn pipe 
wind mill 
milk maid 
trades Rian 
keep sake 
keel man 
house hold 
sldn flint 


Words in which a change of accent, involves a change 
of meaning. 

EXERCISE 264. 


ab' sent, not present 
ab stract, a part; summary. 
ac cent, stress of voice. 
af fix, something added. 
aug ment, increase. 

Au gust, the eighth month. 
cem ent, that ivhich unites. 
col league, partner; associate. 
col lect, short prayer. 
com pact, a contract. 


ab sent', to keep away. 
ab stract, to take away. 
ac cent, to put under accent . 
af fix, to add something. 
aug ment, to increase. 
au gust, grand; stately. 
ce ment, to unite ivith cement. 
col league, to join with. 
col lect, to gather together. 
com pact, close ; to pack. 


EXERCISE 2 65. 

com' plot, a plotting together, j com plot', to plot together. 
compound, a mixture. i compound, to mix; mingle. 
com press, a linen pad. j com press, to press together. 
con cert, harmony. \ con cert, to contrive together. 

con crete, united in growth, j con Crete, to unite , or coalesce. 
con duct, behavior; manners, j conduct, to lead; manage. 
confect, a sweatmeat. I confect , to prepare sweetmeats. 

con line, a border, or limit, j con fine, to limit; restrain. 
con flict, a contest; struggle, i con flict, to strike together. 













SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 81 


EXERCISE 2 6 6. 


con'jure, to practice sorcery, j 
com post, mixture for ma¬ 
nure. 

con serve, a sweatmeat. 
con sort, a wife or husband. 
con test, a strife; struggle. 
con tract, a bargain. 
con trast, opposition. \ 

con vent, cloister. 
con verse, discourse. i 

con vert, one converted. 
con vict, one found guilty. 
con vo y, an escort for defense. 


conjure', to enjoin solemnly. 
com post, to manure with 
compost. 

con serve, to preserve. 
con sort, to associate; unite. 
con test, to contend. 
con tract, to draw together. 
con trast, to put in contrast. 
con vent, to meet together. 
con verse, to talk with. 
con vert, to turn ; to change. 
con vict, to prove one guilty. 
con voy, to escort for defense. 


EXERCISE 267. 


deg' ert, a waste ; ivilderness. 
cles cant, a song ; melody. 
dl gest, a body of laws. 
dis count, deduction. 
escort, guard; attendant. 
es say, an attempt; treatise. 
ex port, goods sent abroad. 
ex tract, that taken out. 
fer ment, internal motion. 
fore cast, foresight. 


de gert', to forsake ; abandon. 
des cant, to discourse at large. 
digest , to prepare ; arrange. 
dis count, to deduct from. 
escort, to attend; guard. 
es say, to try ; attempt. 
ex port, to send goods abroad. 
ex tract, to take or draw out. 
fer ment, to cause ferment. 
fore cast, to plan beforehand. 


EXERCISE 26S. 


fore' taste, taste beforehand. 
fre quent, often. 
gal Ismt,daring; high-spirited. 
im pact, control by touch. 
im port, goods from abroad. 
im press, mark ; image. 
in cense, odor from spices. 
in crease, augment. 
in lay, that which is inlaid. 
in stinct, inward impulse. 
insult, affront; abuse. J 
min ute {min it),sixty seconds, j 
«....- 


fore taste', enjoy beforehand. 
fre quent, to visit often. 
gal lant, attentive to ladies. 
im pact, to press firmly. 
im port, to bring in. 
im press, to mark , or stamp. 
in cense, to fire ; provoke. 
in crease, to augment. 
in lay, insert for ornament. 
in stinct, urged from within. 
in suit, to affront; abuse. 
mi nute, very small. 



















S2 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 2 6 9. 


ob'ject, that under notice. 
out law, one excluded from 
the benefit of law. 
per feet, complete. 
perfume, scent;fragrance. 
per mit, warrant. 
per vert, one misled. 
pre fix, what is prefixed. 
pre lucle, introduction. 
prem ise, ground of argument. 


object', to oppose ; set before. 
out law, to deprive of the bene¬ 
fit of law. 

per feet, to complete. 
per fume, to scent. 
per mit, to allow. 
per yert, to mislead. 
pre fix, to fix before. 
pre lude, to introduce. 
pre mi§e, state beforehand. 


EXERCISE 270. 


pre' sage, omen. 
pres ent, not absent; a gift. 
prod uce, what is produced. 
prog ress, advance. 
proj ect, plan ; scheme. 
pro test, declaration. 
reb el, one that rebels. 
rec ord, note ; register. 
ref use, what is worthless. 
re print, a second edition. 
re tail, sale in small amounts. 


pre sage', to give omens. 
pre sent, to offer. 
pro duce, to bring forth. 
pro gress, to advance. 
project, to plan beforehand. 
pro test, to declare. 
re bel, to war against. 
re cord, to make record. 
re fuse, to deny; reject. 
re print, to print again. 
re tail, sell in small amounts. 


EXERCISE 271. 


sub' ject, that under view. 
suf fix, what is suffixed. 
sur charge, an excessive load. 
sur name, family name. 
sur vey, view ; measurement. 
su pine, sort of verbal noun. 
tor ment, anguish. 
traj ect, a passage over. 
trans fer, act of con veying. 
trans port, conveyance. 
un dress jloose,negligent dress. 


sub ject', to put under; subdue. 
suffix, to fix after; to affix. 
sur charge, to overload. 
sur name, to give a surname. 
sur vey, to view ; to measure. 
supine, lying down; dull. 
tor ment, to torture. 
tra ject, throw over ; cross. 
trans fer, to convey ; sell. 
trans port, convey as troops. 
un dress, to take off clothes. 
















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


83 


EXERCISE 272. 

conn' ter-mand, a contrary order. 
conn ter-mand', to revoke a command. 

in' ter diet, a prohibiting order ; prohibition. 
in ter diet', to forbid by order ; to prohibit. 
d' ver turn, act of overturning ; overthrow. 
overturn', to turn over; to overset; subvert. 
rep' ri mand, rebuke ; severe reproof. 
rep ri mand', to rebuke ; to reprove severely. 
at' tri bute, peculiar property ; quality. 
at trib' ute, to impute ; to assign ; to ascribe to. 
mis con' duct, wrong conduct; ill-behavior. 
mis con duct', to conduct amiss ; to mismanage. 




SECTION XII. 

Words changed from nouns or adjectives, into verbs, 
by a change in pronunciation, in spelling, or in both. 

EXERCISE 273. 


close (cloce), shut up ; tight. 
grease, animal fat. 
house, place of residence. 
mouse, a rodent animal. 
glass, transparent substance. 
brass, alloy of copper and zinc. 
grass, herbage. '<* 

use, act of employing. 
price, value. 
rise, ascent; increase. 
life, existence. 
wife, a married woman. 
grief, sorrow. 
proof, test; evidence. 
thief, one that steals. 


cloge ( cloze ), to shut up. 
greage, to smear with fat. 
liouge, to shelter. 
mouge, to catch mice. 
glaze, to work with glass. 
braze, to solder with brass. 
graze, to eat grass. 
uge, to employ. 
prize, to set a value on. 
rige, to ascend; increase. 
live, to exist. 
wive, to take for a wife. 
grieve, to sorrow. 
prove, to test; to verify. 
thieve, to steal. 


4* 

















84 


SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 2 7 4. 

bath, a place to bathe in. j bathe, to wash in a bath. 


breath, air inhaled. 
cloth, fabric for garments. 
loath, unwilling. 
wreath, garland ; chaplet. 


i breathe, to inhale air. 
j clothe, tofurnish with clothes. 
j loathe, to feel disgust for. 

| wreathe, to twine or encircle. 


mouth, aperture between the j mouth, to speak affectedly. 
smooth, even ; level. [lips. I smooth, to make even. 


EXERCISE 275. 

a biise', ill use. [ a bu§e', to use ill. 


mis use, wrong use. 

(lit fuse, copious. 
ex cuse, apology. 
acl vice, counsel. 
de vice, design. 
be hoof, profit. 
be lief, assent; faith. 
re proof, rebuke. 
pj’oph' e cy, prediction. 


mis use, to use wrong. 
dif fuse, to spread. 
ex cuse, to apologize. 
ad vise, to counsel. 
de vise, to design ; to plan. 
be hoove, to become ; befit. 
be lieve, to assent to. 
re prove, to rebuke ; censure. 
proph' e sy, to predict. 


Words spelled alike , but different in pronunciation and 
meaning. 

EXERCISE 2 7 6. 


bass, a sea-fish ; a tree. 
bow, to bend ; act of reverence. 
dove, did dive. 
gill, fourth of a pint. [ joints. 
gout, disease of the small 
lead, to guide ; conduct. 
read, to peruse. 
lease, a contract. 


bass, deep; low; grave. 
bow, instrument to shoot ar- 
dove, a pigeon. [rows. 

gill, breathing organ in fishes. 
gout ( goo ), taste; relish. 
lead, soft , heavy metal. 
read, did read. 
lea.se, to glean ; gather. 


EXERCISE 277. 


mow, a pile of hay. 
row, riot; tumult. 
slou gh, a deep , miry place. 
tear, fluid from the eyes. 
wind, air in motion. 
en' trance, plan of entry. 


mow, to cut down grass. 
row, a range or series. 

\ slough, cast skin of a serpent. 
j tear, to pull in pieces. 
j wind, to turn ; hoist. 

I en trance', to put in a trance. 


















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 85 


SECTION XIII, 

VARIABLE USAGE. 

This Section is designed to bring under view certain 
words and classes of words, in respect to which usage 
is variable, and which are not elsewhere specially noticed 
in this work. 

EXERCISE 278. 




1 


vil' lain 
vil lain y * * * § 
vil lain ies 
vil lain ons 
vil lain ons ly 
vil lain ous ness 


con nect' 
con nec tionf 
con nex ion 
de fleet 
de flee tion 
de flex ion 


in fleet' 
in flee tion 
in flex ion 
re fleet 
re flee tion 
re flex ion 


EXERCISE 2 7 9. 


de fense';]: 
de fense less 
de fen sive 
de fen so ry 
de fen si ble 


ex pense' of fense' 

ex pen sive of fen sive 

ex pen sive ness of fen sive ly 
ex pen sive ly of fen sive ness 
ex pense less of fense less 


pre tense' 
pre ten sion 
li' cense 
li cens er 
li cens ed 


wde§ 
w T o' fill 
wo ful ly 
wo ful ness 
woe-be-gdne 


EXERCISE 280. 

drought | ( drout ) 
drought' y 
'drought i ness 
hely/it j 
height en 


prac' tice T 
prac tig ed 
prac tic ing 
prac tic er 
prac ti cian 


* These five are often improperly ^written without the i, as villany. 

f The spelling with t is the preferable one in each of these cases. 

\ Written also with c, as defence , though never in tho derivatives. 

§ Often, though against analogy, written wo without tho e, and, in the 
derivatives, almost always so. 

|| Very often written drouth and hight by the best authorities. 

As a verb , practice is mostly written with s , as practise. This differ¬ 
ence between the noun and the verb is properly retained only where the 
final syllable is under the accent, as in device , devise . See Exercise 275. 











86 


SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 2 8 1. 


j ten' a ble* j 

j solv' a ble 

( 

( ten i ble ] 

[ solv i ble 

l 

j ad da ble \ 

i in' fer a ble 

j 

( ad di ble 1 

[ in fer' ri ble 

I 

j part a ble J 

[ part i ble i 

j con vers a ble 
[ con vers i ble 

i 


trans fer a ble 
trails fer ri ble 


in cloge'f 
en cloge 
in cage 
en cage 
in case 
en case 
in trench 
cn trench 
in dorse 
en dorse 


EXERCISE 

j in crust' 

[ en crust 
j in graft 
en graft 
in gorge 
en gorge 
in gross 
en gross 


t 


E 2 8 2. 


in gulf' 

j in roll' 

en gulf 

j en roll 

in trust 

j in snare 

en trust 

| en snare 

in list 

\ in sure 


in fold 
en fold 


} in quire 
| en quire 
in treat 
en treat 


i 


( en sure 
j in thrall 
j en thrall 
J in wrap 
( en wrap 


EXERCISE 2 S3. 


con fide', intrust. 
j con' fi dent,;); intrusting. 
j con fi dant, one intrusted. 

de scend', come down. 
j de scend ent, descending. 

| de scend ant, one descended. 


| de pend', hang down from. 
j ( de pend ent, depending. 

| de pend ent, a dependent. 

su per in tend', oversee. 
j superintendent ,overseeing. 
\ su per in tend ent, overseer. 


* Of the adjectives, in English, ending in able or ible, by far the greater 
part end in able, while a few, as above, take either termination. 

f The words in this Exercise take either form of the prefix (in or en) 
almost indifferently. 

X In words of this class, it is usual to write the termination, ent, when 
the word is used as' an adjective, and ant, when as a noun. But in the 
case of dependent and superintendent , usage seems well settled in favor of 
spelling the noun and tho adjective both alike. 














SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 87 



e x z; it 

CISE 284, 


a' ere * * * § 

sa' ber 

me' ter 

cal' i ber 

na ere 

li ber 

mi ter 

sep ul elier 

lu ere 

o elier 

ni ter 

wise a ere 

o gre 

mau ger 

cen ter 

the a ter 

ea gre 

lus ter 

spec ter 

ac con' ter 

li vre 

om ber 

elec'tre 

con cen ter 

<?han ere 

am ber 

salt pe ter 

ren coun ter 

mas' sa ere 

bis ter 

ma neu ver 

me' di 6 ere 


EXERCISE 2S5. 


ad vl§e' f 

dis gulge', 

ap prise 

pre mise 

de spise 

sur mise 

de vise 

re vise 

em prise 

fran' chise 

en' ter prise 

crit i cise 

com pro mise 

ad ver tise 

su per vise' 

ex er cise 

af fran' cliise 

ex or cise 


EXER CISE 

pol y lie' dron^: 

ox' ide;f 

pol y he dral 

bro made 

oc ta lie dron 

ste a nne 

oc ta h e dral 

tan nin 

tet ra he dron 

bl' ped J 

tet ra he dral 

quad ru ped 

pen ta he dron 

cen ti ped l 

pen ta he drous 

cen ti pede j 


sur piige' 
mis prise 
com prise 
de mise 
chas tise 
cat' e -ehise 
cir cum cise 
dis fran' cliise 
en frail cliise 

mold§ ) 
mould j 
mold er ) 
mould er j 
mold y ) 
mould y j 
molt ) 
moult j 


* Of this class of words, those in which the er is preceded by c or g, 
(with the exception of mauger ), reverse thp order of the letters and end in 
re, as acre , lucre , etc. The same is done in the words livre and eledre. 

f Some of the verbs in this Exercise are not unfrequently made to con¬ 
form in spelling to the class of verbs ending in ize. The best usage, how¬ 
ever, is in favor of writing them all as above. 

\ On polyhedron , see note, page 166; on oxide, siearine , etc., see note, 
page 168; on biped, centiped, etc., see note, page 163. 

§ Mould and moult , with their derivatives, to be in analogy with such 
words as bold, bolt, etc., should be written, mold, molt , etc. The former, 
however, is the prevalent spelling. 











88 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 


SECTION XIY, 

WORDS OF SIMILAR SIGNIFICATION. 

One of the commonest errors in dealing with words of 
this class, in the school-room, is that of supposing them 
entirely alike in all their various meanings and applica¬ 
tions. Hence, often, the highest advantage of the stud} 7 , 
aside from the mere spelling, is all but lost; for the main 
point is to acquire the habit of discriminating between 
words that seem to be identical in meaning. With prop¬ 
er caution in this respect, few exercises will be found 
more interesting, as well as useful, than those presented 
in this Section. 



X 

EXERCISE 287. 

- X 

X 

r 

quit 

leave 

f 

dint 

'V 

force 

t - 

pate 

head 

arch 

curve 

scrub 

scour 

pawn 

pledge 

barge 

boat 

ford 

wade 

slag 

dross 

beak 

bill 

null 

void 

pest 

plague 

scowl 

frown 

sheen 

bright 

scarce 

lurk 

skulk 

bairn 

child 

rare 

spite 

spleen 

purge 

cleanse 

slake 

quench 

swab 

• 

mop 

qualf 

drink 

sleek 

smooth 

vend 

sell 

fast 

quick 

aim 

point 

bare 

mere 

pierce 

stab 

liege 

i.ord 

bear 

yield 

cite 

quote 

EXERCISE 2 8 8 

[ slink sneak 

• 

clank 

clang 

quest 

search 

j snack 

share 

clinch 

clutch 

quoth 

say 

speck 

spot 

corse 

corpse 

count 

earl 

craunch 

munch 

heft 

weight 

blight 

blast 

! gape 

yawn 

drill 

bore 

space 

room 

garb 

dress 

braid 

weave 

plait 

fold 

| gloat 

gaze 

terse 

neat 

tact 

skill 

\ gruff 

grum 

hoar 

white 

bid 

call 

blow 

stroke 

pitch 

toss 

bind 

tie 

1 rend 

tear 

grace 

charm 


























SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

89 



EXERCISE 2 S 9 

• 



JL. 


X 



r . - 

A 

r 

\ 

r 

-\ 

fume 

smoke 

sway 

wield 

twine 

twist 

barm 

yeast 

smash 

break 

booth 

shed 

lieu 

stead 

tramp 

tread 

date 

time 

heal 

cure 

dolt 

dunce 

queer 

odd 

jowl 

cheek 

crowd 

throng 

quill 

twill 

marsh 

moor 

breadth width 

daub 

smear 

urge 

press 

bring 

fetch 

gorge 

glut 

bide 

dwell 

bilk 

cheat 

creep 

crawl 

delve 

dig 

blink 

wink 

kirk 

church 

noun 

name 

mate 

match 

moil 

drudge 

mire 

mud 

midge 

#nat 

mulct 

fine 



EXERCISE 290. 



X. 



x__ 


r 

aye 

vea 

\ 

yes 

r 

querl 

twirl 

- 'a 

whirl 

deem 

think j udge 

soak 

steep 

drench 

dupe 

gull 

trick 

gin 

snare 

trap 

lave 

bathe 

wash 

rive 

cleave 

split 

champ 

chew 

bite 

dip 

merge 

plunge 

speak 

say 

tell 

bay 

cove 

gulf 

bet 

wage 

stake 

fuge 

smelt 

melt 

web 

weft 

woof 

guile 

craft 

fraud 

hist 

hush 

hark 

vaunt 

boast 

brag 

troll 

roll 

bowl 

I air 

mien 

look 



EXERCISE 2 9 1. 


brunt 

shock stroke 

hunt 

search 

seek 

scud 

run flee 

waft 

float 

swim 

tweak 

twinge twitch 

wince 

shrink 

flinch 

wand 

rod staff 

bud 

sprout 

chit 

aim 

drift scope 

sneer 

jeer 

scoff 

probe 

test try 

skate 

slide 

glide 

singe 

scorch parch 

cope 

strive 

match 

scath 

harm hurt 

awe 

dread 

fear 

reef 

furl fold 

boor 

lout 

clown 

heap 

pile mass 

ask 

beg 

crave 

flash 

flare gleam 

gale 

blast 

gust 

























90 

SANDERS* UNION 

SPELLER. 



JL 

EXERCISE 

29 2. 

9 

A 


r 

look 

see 

view 

e 

brink 

edge 

verge 

mash 

smash 

crush 

sin 

vice 

crime 

veer 

turn 

bend 

bag 

sack 

pouch 

crest 

tuft 

plume 

raise 

grow 

rear 

culm 

stem 

sta/k 

bough 

branch 

lim/> 

dart 

lance 

spear 

bring 

bear 

fetch 

froth 

foam 

spume 

cute 

keen 

sharp 

glee 

fun 

mirth 

g a ] 

pe 

gaze 

stare 

pile 

heap 

mass 

pc] 

It 

hide 

skin 



E X ER CIS E 

2 9 3. 



r 

A 

r . 


_ 



coy 

shy 

blot 

blur 

spot 

stain 

jest 

joke 

bound 

bounce 

leap 

spring 

sort 

kind 

clan 

race 

tribe 

horde 

quit 

leave 

beach 

shore 

strand 

coast 

mole 

mound 

give 

grant 

cede 

yield 

/mar 

/mot 

fling 

cast 

hurl 

throw 

tSrm 

word 

flog 

scourge 

thrash 

whip 

win 

gain 

bray 

pound 

crush 

bruise 

beast 

brute 

pace 

step 

gait 

wa/k 

broad 

wide 

dike 

ditch 

fosse 

trench 

flame 

blaze 

catch 

seize 

grasp 

snatch 


E XE It CI 

S E 2 9 4. 




sprig 

twig 

put 

place 

lay 

set 

store 

shop 

move 

budge 

stir 

start 

boss 

&nob 

turf 

sod 

clod 

a'lebe 

scheme 

plan 

spare 

gaunt 

lank 

w 

lean 

bloat 

swell 

gLobe 

sphere 

orb 

ball 

haste 

speed 

drag 

draw 


pull 

haul 

rock 

stone 

lift 

heave 


loist 

raise 

whiff 

puff 

beat 

baste 

drub 

pelt 

wan 

pale 

pry 

s py 

peer 

peep 

tithe 

tenth 

stale 

flat 

dull 

trite 

twain 

two 

i low 

base 

mean 

vile 





















SANDERS' UNION SPELLER 

91 


X 

EXEltCISE 2 9 5. 

y. 


r 

might 

A 

strength 


r 

reck 

heed 

mind 

\ 

care 

blow 

stroke 


chafe 

rub 

gall 

fret 

rasp 

file 


smite 

strike 

&nock 

hit 

growl 

snarl 


curl 

crimp 

crisp 

crape 

rent 

lease 


row 

rank 

line 

\ file 

shrub 

bush 


doze 

drowse 

nap 

sleep 

purge 

cleanse 


fit 

suit 

fay 

fadge 

dint 

force 


bailor 

beat 

thwack thump 

hunt 

seek 


screak screech 

scream 

shriek 

bleak 

cold 


wring wrest 

wrench twist 


A 

EXEltCISE 2 96 



f 

boon 

gift 

A 

pres' ent 

f 

tart 

sour 

\ 

aq' id 

blend 

mix 

min gle 

brush 

broom 

be §om 

din 

noise 

cl at ter 

lees 

dregs 

ref use 

graft 

shoot 

ci on 

reign 

curb 

bri die 

ode 

song 

po em 

freight 

load 

car go 

blanch 

bleach 

w 

hit en 

haft 

hilt 

han die 

ire 

wrath 

an ger 

tome 

book 

vol ume 

quake 

shake 

shud der 

sheath 

case 

scab bard 

late 

fresh 

re cent 

mute 

dum& 

si lent 

fell 

fierce 

cru el 

nude 

bare 

na ked 



EXEltCISE 297. 


crave 

long 

hank er 

track 

trace 

ves tige 

spite 

grudge 

mal ice 

newt 

eft 

liz ard 

dank 

moist 

h 

u mid 

work 

toil 

la bor 

cleft 

rent 

fis sure 

squab 

dove 

pig eon 

blain 

blotch 

blis ter 

spear 

lance 

jave lin 

ledge 

ridge 

lay er 

source 

spring 

fount ain 

right 

claim 

ti tie 

pair 

brace 

coup le 

stall 

crib 

man ger j 

colt 

foal 

fil ly 

mix 

blend 

min gle I 

box 

chest 

cof fer 

muse 

think 

pon der j 

hide 

mask 

cov er 

fight 

war 

bat tie 1 

town 

burgh 

city 



















92 

SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 



JL 

EXERCISE 29 S. 

A 


r 

mild 

meek 

% 

gen' tie 

r 

brief 

short 

con cise' 

quail 

crouch 

cow er 

build 

frame 

con struct 

fleet 

swift 

rap id 

patch 

mend 

re pair 

prompt 

quick 

read y 

creed 

faith 

be lief 

stout 

strong 

stur d y 

foil 

thwart 

de feat 

duct 

tube 

chan nel 

chat 

tadc 

con verse 

gaunt 

slim 

slen der 

fen 

marsh 

mo rass 

clump 

bunch 

cl us ter 

seethe 

boil 

con coct 

chink 

crack 

crev ice 

hail 

greet 

sa lute 

pine 

droop 

Ian guish 

guide 

lead 

con duct 

free 

frank 

can did 

stick 

cling 

ad here 

serf 

slave 

bond man 

wg 

large 

bulk'y 

beau 

fop 

cox comb 

cave 

den 

cav ern 


EXERCISE 2 9 9. 


( 

-A-- 

f 


A 

\ 

spurn 

scorn 

dell 

dale 

vale 

val' ley 

stroll 

stray 

pick 

cull 

sort 

se lect' 

weep 

mourn 

tress 

curl 

lock 

ring' let 

crude 

raw 

sight 

view 

scene 

pros pect 

sta nch 

firm 

hear 

hark 

list 

lis£ en 

pawn 

pledge 

feud 

fray 

broil 

quar rel 

bluff 

cliff 

belt 

sash 

zone 

glr die 

map 

chart 

clog 

glut 

gorge 

sur feit 

ruse 

trick 

dolt 

mope 

drone 

slug gard 



EXERCISE 3 00 

• 


quaint 

strange 

tinge 

tint 

hue 

col' or 

hasp 

clasp 

mold 

shape 

form 

fash ion 

stint 

task 

rule 

rei^n 

sway 

gov ern 

cram 

stuff 

road 

way 

street 

high way 

crouch 

cringe 

taunt 

scolf 

mock 

de ride' 

glow 

shine 

ask 

beg 

crave 

im plore 

sieve 

screen 

class 

rank 

grade 

de gree 

press 

squeeze 

have 

hold 

own 

pos sess 

prowl 

rove 

slack 

loose 

lax 

re miss 




















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 93 


EXERCISE 3 0 1. 


t 

fright 

■\ 

scare 

e - 

chide 

scold 

blame 

A 

re buke' 

neat 

clean 

vex 

fret 

tease 

an noy 

filth 

dirt 

cease 

stop 

quit 

de sist 

hoist 

lift 

act 

deed 

feat 

ex ploit 

stook 

shock 

blithe 

gay 

mer' ry 

spright'ly 

goad 

spur 

frisk 

skip 

gam bol 

frol ic 

scowl 

frown 

mode 

way 

meth od 

man ner 

flay 

skin 

pack 

load 

bun die 

bur den 

skip 

dance 

sing 

chant 

car ol 

war ble 

limp 

halt 

spoil 

prey 

boot y 

plun der 

plod 

drudge 

roam 

rove 

ram ble 

wan der 

• 


EXERCISE 302. 


hoot 

shout 

cave 

grot 

cav' ern 

grot' to 

nigh 

near 

wish 

want 

de gire' 

cov et 

perk 

prim 

haste 

speed 

dis patch 

hur ry 

dike 

trench 

filch 

steal 

pur loin 

pil fer 

culm 

stem 

jade 

tire 

fa tigue 

wea ry 

craft 

trade 

tempt 

lure 

en tice 

de coy' 

cry 

whine 

aid 

help 

a bet 

as sist 

jaunt 

trip 

add 

join 

an nex 

adjoin 

clump 

chunk 

beg 

crave 

be seech 

im plore 

hives 

croup 

loathe 

hate 

ab hor 

de test 

wile 

trick 

freak 

whim 

fan' cy 

ca price 



EXE It CIS E 

JL 

3 0 3. 

X 


r 

fine 

\ 

for' feit 

r 

grace 

" mer'cy 

\ 

fa' vor 

chance 

fort une 

hid 

se cret 

cov ert 

cash 

mon ey 

brave 

gal hint 

val iant 

shoal 

shal low 

harm 

dam age 

mis chief 

dead 

life less 

fight 

bat tie 

com bat 

choke 

throt tie 

smart 

clev er 

skill ful 

choice 

op ti on 

grief 

sor row 

sad ness 

green 

ver dant 

fuss 

tu mult 

up roar 

tour 

jour ney 

post 

pil lar 

col umn 

hawk 

faZ con 

bent 

curv ed 

crook ed 


















94 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 3 0 4. 


wit 

hu' mor 

dirk 

dag' ger 

pon' iard 

neigh 

whin ny 

dry 

ar id 

parch ed 

plume 

feath er 

theme 

subject 

top ic 

threat 

men ace 

trade 

traf lie 

com merce 

bright 

shin ing 

trice 

mo ment 

in stant 

midst 

mid die 

wreath 

gar land 

chap let 

dearth 

fam ine 

zest 

rel ish 

fla vor 

new 

nov el 

calm 

plag id 

tran quil 

shield 

buck ler 

old 

a ged 

se nlle 

rage 

fu ry 

g/iost 

spec ter 

phan tom 


EX 

ER CIS E 

3 0 3. 


frail 

frag' ile 

groove 

fur' row 

chan' nel 

news 

ti dings 

hot 

sul try 

fer vid 

sketch 

out line 

hide 

cov er 

sliel ter 

lirni 

mem ber 

lithe 

pli ant 

lim ber 

part 

por tion 

scrimp 

mi ser 

nig gard 

maw 

stom ach 

too 

al so 

like wise 

arms 

weap ons 

prop 

ful crum 

sup port' 

thief 

rob ber 

fraught 

till ed 

re plete 

paint 

pig ment 

call 

con yoke' 

sum' mon 

clear 

lu cid 

rue 

la ment 

re gret' 


EXERCISE 

30 0. 


mad 

rab' id 

choose 

e lect' 

se lect' 

hard 

sol id 

daunt 

ap pall 

dis may 

storm 

tern pest 

grant 

ad mit 

al low 

test 

tri al 

mar 

de face 

im pair 

style 

die tion 

keep 

re tain 

A 

pre serve 

stream 

cur rent 

link 

com bine 

u nite 

slight 

neg lect' 

shun 

a void 

es chew 

strict 

se vere 

oust 

eject 

ex pel 

seem 

ap pear 

check 

re strain 

con trol 

rest 

re pose 

niche 

hoi' low 

re cess 

uge 

em ploy 

chase 

fol low 

pur sue 

burst 

ex plode 

eke 

length en 

A 

pro long 

build 

con struct 

foul 

filthy 

A O 

dirt' y 

















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


95 


EXERCISE 


30 7. 

-A_ 


apt 

fib 

fang 

peat 

prong 

kine 

pool 

cowl 

craw 


fit 
lie 
tusk 
turf 
tine 
cows 
Don cl 
. 100(1 
crop 


lag 

sly 

prate 

quick 

head 

drear 


loi' ter 
cun ning 
prat tie 
ag He 


lin' ger 
craft y 
chat ter 
active 
lead er 
dis mal 


tain 
soni ber 
scribe pen man pen ner 
law stat ute e diet 
weak sil ly fool isli 


saun' ter 
wi ly 
bab ble 
nim ble 
cap tain 
gloom y 
writ er 
cle crec' 
ab surd 




love 

rich 

give 

first 

right 

rough 

large 

don 

rise 

came 


_A. 



EXERCISE SOS 

A 

• 

/ 

- 

hate 

soft 

hard 

long 

short 

poor 

tame 

wild 

thick 

thin 

take 

seek 

shun 

lost 

found 

last 

meet 

part 

more 

less 

wrong 

cool 

warm 

true 

false 

smooth 

back 

front 

feast 

fast 

small 

tight 

loose 

dark 

light 

doff 

right 

left 

frown 

smile 

fall 

white 

black 

peace 

war 

went 

high 

low 

head 

foot 


SECTION XV, 

OPPOSITES. 

In the study of words of this class, we learn by con¬ 
trast , which is one of the most powerful modes of im¬ 
pressing thought. Everywhere in nature, we see things 
that are opposite—the land , the sea, the lake, the island, 
the mountain , the valley, growth , decay, etc. The atten¬ 
tion of the pupil may be directed to this fact; so that, 
while studjdng the ivords that denote contrast, the dis¬ 
tinctions may be more vividly impressed by considering 
the things which they indicate. This is often the best 
kind of object teaching. 


i 






































96 

SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 



EXERCISE 309 

• 


1 

_ 

,_ * -. 

r ■ 

-A*-\ 

f 


r ^ 

sink 

swim 

life 

death 

strong weak 

freeze 

thaw 

break 

mend 

cry laugh 

hill 

dale 

friend 

foe 

fore aft 

! day 

night 

dry 

wet 

push pull 

buy 

sell 

work 

play 

coax drive 

cold 

hot 

girl 

• boy 

cheap dear 

sick 

well 

bride 

groom 

ebb flow 

van 

rear 

bond 

free 

lad lass 

drake 

duck 

good 

bad 

sharp dull 

hope 

fear 

best 

worst 

height depth 



EXERCISE 3 10. 

age 

youth 

east 

west 

joy grief 

old 

young 

north 

south 

to fro 

king 

queen 

curse 

bless 

mild fierce 

fresh 

salt 

bloom 

fade 

praise blame 

quick 

slow 

prow 

stem 

far near 

soon 

late 

teach 

learn 

grave gay. 

buck 

doe 

fat 

lean 

save waste 

sparse 

dense 

lose 

find 

sweet sour 

bind 

loose 

fair 

foul 

coarse fine 

gaunt 

plum 

front 

back 

sane mad 



EXERCISE 311. 


A 



_A_ 

r ' 

want 

pie 

\ 

n' ty 

r \ 

straight crook' ed 

pale 

rud dy 

lead 

fol low 

shame 

hon or 

hell 

lieav en 

wide 

nar row 

goose 

gan der 

lend 

boi 

row 

light 

dark ness 

kind 

cru el 

low 

loft y 

odd 

e ven 

pain 

pleas ure 

good 

e vil 

bold 

mod est 

truth 

er ror 

land 

wa ter 

lake 

15 land 

clear 

cloud y 

strait 

is th mus 

i niece 

nepli ew 



























SANDERS’ UNION SPELL 

E R . 97 


EXE11CIS11 3 12. 

JL 

X 

r 

base 

\ 

no' ble 

f 

tough 

■» 

ten' der 

j°y 

sor row 

stiff 

lira ber 

vice 

virt ue 

wise 

fool ish 

slow 

rap id 

man 

worn an 

top 

bot tom 

clean 

dirt y 

late 

ear ly 

sweet 

bit ter 

full 

emp ty 

end 

be gin' 

deep 

shal low 

hope 

de spair 


EXERCISE 3 13. 


a' ged 

youth' fid i 

feast' ing 

fast' ing 

care ful 

care less 

ab sence 

preg cnee 

for mer 

lat ter 

far flier 

near er 

doub le 

sin gle 

fear ful 

fear less 

buy er 

sell er 

curs ed 

bless ed 

broth er 

sis ter 

find er 

los er 

moth er 

fa flier 

i die 

bus y 

up ward 

down ward 

a gue 

fe ver 


EXERCISE 3 14. 


liith' er 

fliith' er 

in' let 

out' let 

win ter 

sum mer 

in side 

out side 

need ful 

need less 

in ward 

out ward 

mid day 

mid night 

loos en 

fas£ en 

land man 

sea man 

cv er 

nev er 

no where 

some where 

dai ly 

night ly 

part ing 

meet ing 

oh en 

sel dom 

law yer 

cli ent 

peace ful 

war like 


EXERCISE 3 15. 


some' thing 

noth' ing 

1 sun' rise 

sun' set 

stron ger 

weak er 

tame ness 

wild ness 

gafh er 

scat ter 

ad vanee' 

re treat' 

wake ful 

sleep y 

be fore 

aft' er 

ab sent 

pres ent 

sue cess 

fail ure 

back ward 

for ward 

a bove 

be low' 

fore most 

*—- 

hind most 

j with in 

with out 
















98 SANDERS’ UIUON SPELLER. 

EXERCISE 3 16. 

x _ __ A___-- 

r 

deb' it 

- \ 

cred' it 

ma'jor 

ml' nor 

con vex 

con cave 

vie tor 

vie tim 

ab stract 

con Crete 

van guard 

rear guard 

lar board 

star board 

jun ior 

sen ior 

lee ward 

wind ward 

mor tal 

na tal 

frig id 

tor rid 

pal lid 

ruddy 

pledg er 

pledg ee' 

ze nitli 

na dir 

cov ert 

o' vert 

land lord 

ten ant 


EXERCISE 3 17. 


in elude' 

ex elude' 

ex pand' 

con tract' 

con verge 

di verge 

en throne 

de throne 

re pel 

pro pel 

per suade 

dis suade 

ad vert 

a vert 

con sent 

dis sent 

ac cuge 

ex cuge 

en robe 

dis robe 

as cend 

de scend 

in hale 

ex hale 

at tacli 

de tach 

inject 

eject 

in vest 

di vest 

in' gress 

e' gress 


SECTION XVI. 


WORDS 

OF SIMILAR SIGNIFICATION. 


EXERCISE 3 IS. 



-X 

JL 


t — 

hab' it 

\ 

cus' tom 

( 

| pil' lage 

—V 

plun' der 

“ ham let 

vil lage 

treat ment 

us age 

ha ven 

har bor 

dog ma 

ten et 

gen ius 

ta lent 

thresh old 

door-sill 

ill ness 

sick ness 

ea ger 

ear nest 

mar riage 

wed ding 

pass port 

li cense 

ram part 

bul wark 

fam ish 

per ish 

near ly 

al most 

tri grapli 

triph thong 

wis dom 

pru dence 

noi some 

nox ious 

fer tile 

fruit ful 

> mes sage 

mis sion 



















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 99 

EXERCISE 3 19. 


ere' dence 

cred' it 



re fuse' 

de cline' 

scarcely 

hard ly 



mis lead 

delude 

lieu ter 

nei flier 



be best 

com mand 

arc tic 

north era 


per mit 

al low 

flee cy 

wool ly 



sue cum b 

sub mit 

lug gage 

bag gage 



re cant 

re nounce 

le vant 

east era 



re ceive 

ac cept 

me ter 

meas ure 



in 

thrall 

cn slave 

rig or 

o 

harsh ness 


re 

peal 

re voke 

rum mage 

ran sack 



re veal 

di vulge 

scar let 

crim §on 



in 

graft 

in sort 


EXERCISE 

3 SO. 


co erce' 

com pel' 



re 

lax' 

slack' en 

ac cost 

ad dress 



de 

sign 

proj ect 

con fess 

a vow 



re 

ply 

an swer 

ac quaint 

in form 

• 


per plex 

puz zle 

con fute 

re fute 



an 

tique 

an cient 

de vise 

be queafh 


ran' som 

re deem' 

con vince 

per suade 


ech o 

re sound 

dis burse 

ex pend 



ren der 

re turn 

de fend 

pro tect 



suit le 

a cute 

de sire 

re quest 



al 

cove 

re cess 

con trive 

in vent 



no tice 

re gard 


EXERCISE 

jk 

3 2 1. 

X. 

/ 

r 

glim' mer 

glit'ter 


f 

ban 

' ner 

eii' sign 

stand' ard 

sole ly 

mere ly 


sil ly 

sim pie 

stu pid 

bram ble 

bri er 


bau ble 

gew gaw tri lie 

break er 

bil low 


pa gan 

hea then gen tile 

va cant 

emp ty 


shin ing 

brill iant spark ling 

box er 

fight er 


ac rid 

iDun gent bit ing 

mar tial 

war like 


as tral 

stel lar 

star ry 

bod ice 

cor set 


ad der 

ser pent 

vi per 

can ter 

gal lop 


bes tial 

beastly 

bru tisli 

be twixt' 

be tween' 


dam §el 

maid en 

vir gin 



















100 SANDERS* UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 3 2 2. 


cai' till 

vil' lain 

budg' et 

bun'die 

par' cel 

er rand 

mes sage 

fa tal 

mor tal 

dead ly 

col unm 

pil lar 

care ful 

cau tious 

watch ful 

foi ble 

fail ing 

gloss y 

shin y 

lus trous 

fra cas 

up roar 

mon ger 

deal er 

trad er 

func tion 

of lice 

re gal 

roy al 

prince ly 

gus to 

rel ish 

touch y 

tes ty 

pet tisli 

im age 

like ness 

vi rus 

ven om 

poi gon 

vi ands 

vict wals 

suit or 

woo er 

lov er 

wist ful 

wish ful 

er ror 

blun der 

mis take' 

yearn ing 

long ing 

fic'tion 

nov el 

ro mance 


EXERCISE 3 

2 3. 


vent' ure 

haz' ard 

e' diet 

fi' at 

de crce' 

war bier 

song ster 

awk ward 

clum sy 

un couth 

ze ro 

ci pher 

coun sel 

con suit' 

ad vise 

sue cor 

re lieve' 

mur mur 

re pine 

com plain 

as sent' 

con sent 

car ry 

con vey 

trans port 

con sign 

com mit 

to tal 

en tire 

com plete 

de sire 

re quest 

al lure' 

en tice 

de coy 

col late 

corn pare 

de port 

de mean 

be have 

a dieu 

Hire well 

as sau It 

as sail 

at tack 

pro tract 

pro long 

re veal 

di vulge 

dis close 

im pede 

ob struct 

re fund 

re pay 

re store 


EXERCISE 3 

2 4. 


r 


_A_ 




max' im 

ad' age 

prov'erb 

say'ing 

fur bisli 

bur nish 

pol ish 

bright en 

cus tom 

du ty 

im post 

trib ute 

loi ter 

lin ger 

saun ter 

tar ry 

nurt ure 

nour ish 

cher ish 

fos ter 

in cense 

o dor 

per fume 

fra grance 

patch er 

botch er 

bun frier 

— t ; 

cob bier 

reck less 

heed less 

list less 

care less 

rai ment 

vest ure 

vest ments 

gar ments 

gaud y 

show y 

taw dry 

tin sel 


! 




























SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 101 

EXEIt C IS E 32 5 . 

r 

cun' ning 

craft' y 

wi' ly 

■—\ 

art' ful 

se cret 

hid den 

la tent 

oc cult' 

i cow ard 

era ven 

das tard 

pol troon 

! ho ly 

sa cred 

god ly 

di vine 

i a base' 

de grade' 

dis grace' 

hum' ble 

as perse 

tra duce 

de fame 

slan der 

for give 

ab solve 

re mit 

par don 

: pro vide 

pro cure 

sup ply 

fur nish 

i de vour 

en gorge 

con sume 

swal low 

| a droit 

ex pert 

dex trous 

skill ful 

j 

i 

r 

i: x i: ji 

CISE 326. 


: al lege' 

af firm' 

as sert' 

a ver' 

ac quire 

at tain 

ob tain 

pro cure 

ex ceed 

ex cel 

sur pass 

out dp 

be wail 

be moan 

la ment 

de plore 

in fest 

an noy 

dis turb 

mo lest 

ar range 

dis pose 

di rect 

di gest 

com prise 

em brace 

con tain 

in elude 

ac cuse 

ar raign 

im peach 

cen' sure 

re spect 

re gard 

es teem 

Aon or 

af diet 

dis tress 

troub' le 

liar ass 


EXER 

± 

CISE 327. 

L 

r 

vig' or 

en'er gy 

sti' pend 

\ 

sal' a ry 

fer vor 

ar den cy 

mis chief 

in ju ry 

pil grim 

trav el er 

vi brate 

os cil late 

port ly 

cor pu lent 

en ter 

pen e trate 

ti tie 

ep i tliet 

vis age 

coun te nance 

sched ule 

cat a logue 

ban quet 

fes ti val 

prox y 

sub sti tute 

pul sate 

pal pi tate 

sur plus 

o ver plus 

que rist 

ques tion er 

Ian guor 

las si tude 

watch ful 

vig i lant 

wor thy 

laud a ble 

spe cious 

plaus i ble 

flu ent 

vol u ble 

vie tor 

con q?mr or 

ri val 

em u late 

band age 

lig a ture 



















r i 

102 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EX E It CIS E 3 2 8. 

_ 

JL 

' 

sen'try 

sen' ti nel 

( - 

rapt' ure 

\ 

ec' sta sy 

hope less 

des pe rate 

pow er 

fac ul ty 

sav age 

bar ba rous 

an guish 

ag o ny 

post ure 

at ti tude 

oft times 

fre quent ly 

co ur age 

for ti tude 

oint ment 

lin i ment 

gar nish 

dec o rate 

per il 

jeop ar dy 

sane tion 

rat i fy 

car riage 

ve In cle 

new ness 

nov el ty 

pet tish 

pet u lant 


EXERCISE 3 2 9. 


gar' ner 

gran'ary ; 

horn' age 

fe' al ty 

fe brile 

fe ver ish ; 

mid riff 

di a pliraym 

bane ful 

poi §on ous 

bo nus 

pre mi um 

bound less 

lim it less 

con quest 

vie to ry 

con vent 

nun ner y 

con cord 

liar mo ny 

sor did 

nig gard ly 

sup pie 

pli a ble 

glean ing 

gaf h er ing 

house hold 

fam i ly 

last ly 

fi nal ly 

lithe ness 

lim ber ness 


EXERCISE 3 30. 


fore' taste 

an' te past 

a chi eve' 

ac com' pi ish 

liv ing 

live li hood 

of fetise 

dis pleas ure 

in come 

rev e nue 

se elude 

se ques ter 

be boor 

ad van' tage 

fore go 

re lin quish 

de teet 

dis cov er 

■eh a' os 

con fu sion 

do main 

do min ion 

ver sion 

trans la tion 

re mai n 

con tin ue 

fisc al 

li nan cial 

en chant 

en rapt ure 

cx tant 

ex ist ing 

O 


EXERCISE 3 3 1. 


guid'ance 

di rec' tion 

haugh' ty 

dis dain' ful 

her aid 

pro claim er 

i lus cious 

de It cious 

down cast 

deject ed 

cloth ing 

O 

ap par el 

chair man 

pres i dent 

res cue 

de liv er 

li cense 

per mis si on 

let ter 

e pis do 

mon strous 

pro dig ious 

swin dler 

de fraud er 

man date 

in j unc tion 

| con tract 

in dent ure 

doc tor 

phy si cian 

1 sem blance 

re sem blance 



















SANDERS* UNION SPELLER. 103 


EX ER 

CISE 332. 

A 

( 

an nul' 

nul' li fy 

t " "■ 

re fine' 

- % 

pu' ri fy 

di gress 

de vi ate 

re vile 

vil i fy 

en rich 

fer til ize 

in struct 

ed i fy 

e yince 

man i fest 

in cite 

in sti gate 

re miss 

neg li gent 

e vent 

in ci dent 

he quest 

leg a cy 

de void 

des ti tute 

re tort 

rep ar tee' 

per sist 

per se vere' 

gain' say 

con tra diet 

van' ish 

dis ap pear 


EXERCISE 3 3 3. 


gris' tie 

car' ti lage 

raon' strous 

e nor' mous 

hear er 

au di tor 

rats bane 

ar' se nic 

luck y 

fort u nate 

! full ness 

plen i tude 

night mare 

O 

in cu bus 

hiss ing 

sib i lant 

cau tion 

wa ri ness 

few ness 

pau ci ty 

hate ful 

o dious 

thun der 

ful mi nate 

lia tred 

o di um 

war rior 

chain pi on 

sur name 

cog no' men 

| all spice 

pi men' to 


EXERCISE 3 3 4. 


peace' ful 

hal' cv on 

in firm' 

de crep' it 

spit tie 

sa li' va 

be nurni 

stu' pe fy 

warn ing 

mo ni tion 

as sume 

ar ro gate 

hck le ' 

ca pri cious 

ar rest 

ap pre liend' 

black lead 

plum ba go 

dis turb 

dis com pose 

leap year 

bis sex tile 

for bid 

in ter diet 

de eide' 

de ter mine 

con cur 

co in cide 

con test 

lit' i gate 

n eg lect 

dis re gard 


EXERCISE 335. 

JL 


t - 

• bash ful 

mod' est 

dif' ii dent 

for tress 

cas de 

cit a del 

am pie 

spa cious 

ca pa cious 

al ien 

stran ger 

for eign er 

fault less 

blame less 

in no cent 

an gel 

spir it 


mes sen ger 

stub born 

will ful 

ob sti nate 

baZm y 

— 

fra grant 

o dor ous 














104 SANDERS' UNION SPE 

L L E R . 


EXERCISE 3 3 0. 


f 

brawn' y 

flesli' y 

mus' cu lar 

ram part 

breast work 

par a pet 

bright ness 

splen dor 

brill ian cy 

eo gent 

ur gent 

for ci ble 

con vict 

cul prit 

crim i nal 

wan ness 

pale ness 

pal lid ness 

mi ser 

nig gard 

cur mud' geon 

tur ret 

tow er 

min' a net 


EXERCISE 337. 

• 

pan' per 

beg' gar 

men' di cant 

sa ber 

fal chion 

cim e ter 

fun ny 

com ic 

laugh a ble 
tag i turn 

tac it 

si lent 

sani pie 

pat tern 

speg i men 

a pex 

sum mit 

pin na cle 

pal try 

pet ty 

triv i al 

jus tice 

just ness 

EXERCISE 33 S. 

eq ui ty 

com' rade 

fel' low 

com pan' ion 

tri al 

ef fort 

en deav or 

ty ro 

nov ice 

be gin ner 

ad vent 

com ing 

ar ri val 

con diet 

strug gle 

ren coun ter 

ref uge 

shel ter 

a sy lum 

se ries 

se quence 

sue ces si on 

vap id 

taste less 

EXERCISE 3 39. 

in sip id 

ver' diet 

judg' ment 

de cis' ion 

bane ful 

bale ful 

per in cious 

wait er 

serv ant 

do mes tic 

cease less 

end less 

e ter nal 

clo veil 

part ed 

di vld ed 

scan dal 

dis grace' 

dis ered it 

con ceal' 

dis guise 

dis sem ble 

con eeive 

sup pose 

im ag ine 












SANDERS' UNION 

SPELLER. 105 


EXERCISE 

JL 

3 40. 

f 

con sign' 

trans fer' 

de liv' er 

dis mask 

un mask 

un cov er 

a muse 

di vert 

en ter tain' 

dis claim 

re nounce 

dis a vow 

be long 

per tain 

ap per tain 

cap size 

up set 

o ver turn 

con' qwer 

van' quish 

o ver come 

bull y 

hec tor 

dom i neer 


EX ER CIS E 3 4 1. 

K 

farm' ing 

cult' ure 

lius' band ry 

pret ty 

come ly 

beau ti ful 

post ure 

gest ure 

at ti tude 

build ing 

struct ure 

ed i fice 

stick y 

vis cous 

glu ti nous 

flex ile 

lim her 

flex i ble 

ram bier 

stroll er 

wan der er 

brook let 

stream let 

riv u let 

EXER 

CISE 342. 


fret' ful 

spleen' y 

splen' e tic 

plan ner 

sehem er 

con tiiv' er 

por tion 

pit tance 

al low ance 

learn er 

schol ar 

dis ci pie 

pre sage 

to ken 

prog nos tic 

pomp ous 

au gust' 

ma jes tic 

rid die 

(jha rade 

e nig ma 

pun isli 

-chas tige 

cas' ti gate 

EXER 

CISE 343. 


waste' ful 

pro fuse' 

prod' i gal 

ral ly 

de ride 

rid i cule 

fan cy 

ca price 

va ga' ry 

al low' 

per mit 

tol' er ate 

a pace 

quick' ly 

speed i ly 

com plete 

per form' 

ex e cute 

en list 

re cord 

reg is ter 

mis hap 

ill-luck 

mis fort une 


till' age 
hand some 
ac tion 
fab ric 
gluey 
due tile 
roam er 
run let 


pee' visli 
plot ter 
ra tion 
pu pil 
o men 
state 1 y 
re bus 
clias lea 

lav' isli 
ban ter 
liu mor 
suf fer 
a non' 
ful fill 
en roll 
mis chance 















106 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 3 4 4. 

K- ■ 

f 

aug ment' 

en large' 

ex tend' 

am' pli fy 

a maze 

con found 

as tound 

as ton' ish 

as cribe 

im pute 

as sign 

at trib ute 

be troth 

affy 

es pouse 

af fi ance 

a rouse 

ex cite 

be stir 

a wak en 

con' strue 

ex plain 

ex pound 

in ter pret 

a bate' 

less' en 

de crease 

di min ish 

trail' quil 

qui et 

peace' ful 

peace' a ble 


EXERCISE 345. 


child' ish 

youth' ful 

pu' er ile 

ju've nile 

car nage 

slaugh ter 

butch er y 

mas sa ere 

won der 

mar vel 

mir a cle 

prod i gy 

sun dry 

di vers 

va ri ous 

sev er al 

thrall doni 

bond age 

slav er y 

serv itude 

off* spring 

chil dren 

prog e ny 

de scend' ants 

bal ance 

rein nant 

reg i due 

re main der 

plead cr 

law yer 

ad vo cate 

de fend er 


EXERCISE 3 4 6. 


for' mcr 

pri' or 

pre' vi ous 

pre ced' ing 

scoff er 

mock er 

delud'er 

de rid er 

mind ful 

heed ful 

at ten tive 

ob serv ant 

daring 

daunt less 

cou ra gcous 

de fi ant 

tu tor 

teach er 

pre cep tor 

in struct or 

pur suit' 

call ins; 

vo ca tion 

ein ploy ment 

an nul 

re peal' 

a bol ish 

ab' ro gate 

en treat 

be seech 

so lig it 

sup pli cate 


EXERCISE 347. 


ex cuse' 

de fend' 

cx cul' pate 

jus' ti fy 

de note 

im ply 

in' di cate 

sig ni fy 

in duce 

im pel 

act u ate 

in flu ence 

for sake 

de gert 

a ban' don 

re lin' quish 

serv' ice 

a vail 

ben' e fit 

ad van tage 

her mit 

re cluse 

aneh o ret 

as cet ic 

wor ship 

a dore 

ven er ate 

rev' er ence 

a verse' 

back' ward 

un will' ing 

re luc'tant 





















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 107 


EXERCISE 3 4 S. 

_A_ 

r 

con clign' 

wor' fhv 

de serv'ed 

mer' it ed 

fi nesse 

9 I 11 cane' 

art' i dee 

strat a gem 

ruth' less 

pit' i less 

mer ci less 

un feel' ing 

dwell er 

a bid' er 

reg i dent 

so' journ er 

pro yoke' 

tan' ta lize 

ir ri tate 

ag gra yate 

be witch 

cap ti vate 

fas ci nate 

en am' or 

dis' cord 

dis sen' sion 

con ten' tion 

va' ri ance 

tempt er 

en tig er 

allur er 

se du' cer 


EXERCISE 3 49. 


tim'id 

tim'or ous 

cow'ard ly 

mad man 

lu na tic 

ma ni ac 

clem ent 

le ni ent 

mer ci ful 

dog ile 

teach a ble 

tract a ble 

tru ly 

yer i ly 

re al ly 

deft ly 

skill ful ly 

clex trous ly 

lial low 

con se crate 

ded i cate 

wa yer 

flue tu ate 

vag il late 


EXERCISE 

3 5 0. 

tire' some 

te' di ous 

wea' ri some 

wealth y 

op u lent 

af flu ent 

won drous 

won der ful 

mar vel ous 

fawn er 

syc o phant 

par a site 

speak er 

or a tor 

de claim' er 

de cent 

dec o rous 

be com ing 

costly 

sump tu ous 

ex pen sive 

ex it 

ex o dus 

de part ure 

* 

EXERCISE 

3 51. 

har' dy 

res' olute 

in trep' id 

con trite 

pen i tent 

re pent ant 

Anav ish 

fraud u lent 

dis Aon est 

wiz ard 

con jur er 

en chant er 

wliol ly 

to tally 

com plete ly 

mod el 

par a diym 

ex am pie 

ad verse 

re pug' nant 

con fiict ing 

rest ing 

re pos ing 

qui es cent 


5 * 













108 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

EXERCISE 352. 



fruit' ful 

pro lif* ic 

pro 

due' tive 

cas cade' 

wa' ter fall cat' 

a ract 

con tent 

sat is fy 

grat 

i fy 

mis rule 

an arch y 

dis 

or' der 

es trange 

al ien ate 

dis af feet' 

re prove 

rep ri mand rep 

re hend 

slack' ness 

re miss' ness neg 

' li gence 

fa figue' 

wea' ri ness las si tude 


EXERCISE 3 5 3. 




dom' i cile 

res' i dence 

per' ma nent du' ra ble 

a que ous 

wa ter y 

con di ment 

sea sen ing 

el e ment 

ru di ment 

mod i fy 

qual i fy 

cer ti fy 

tes ti fy 

per fi dy 

treacb er y 

dep u ty 

del e gate 

tern per ate 

mod er ate 

des pot ism 

tyr an ny 

e mo' tion 

ex cite' ment 

cor ri dor 

gal ler y 

sanc'ti ty 

ho'li ness 

po ta ble 

drink a ble 

metli ocl ize 

sys tern ize 


EXERCISE 3 5 4. 


lior' ri ble 

ter' ri ble ; 

in' su late 

is' o late 

im mo late 

sac ri lice 

in fa mous 

scan dal ous 

gray i ty 

so ber ness 

leg i ble 

read a ble 

iil ma nac 

cal en dar 

sol i tude 

lone li ness 

ar du ous 

dif fi cult 

se ere cy 

pri va cy 

ru mi nate 

med i tate 

ran cor ous 

vir u lent 

in ter im 

in ter val 

nu di ty 

na ked ness 

wise a ere 

sim pie ton 

pleas ant ry 

mer ri ment 


EXERCISE 3 5 5. 


stim' u late 

en cour' age 

con' fi dence 

re li' ance 

ad e quate 

suf f l cient 

dis so nant 

dis cord ant 

du bi ous 

un cer tain 

mal a dy 

dis tern per 

ban isli ment ex pul sion 

pec u late 

em bez zle 

am a zon 

vi ra go 

gar ru lous 

lo qua cious 

cher u bic 

an gel ic 

an i mate 

en llv en 

con ver sant 

fa mil iar 

coun sel or 

ad vis er 

cor po rate 

col lec tive 

o ver ture 

pro pos al 

















--------- 

SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 109 

EXERCISE 356. 

A _ 1 

r 

mock' er y 

% 

de ris' ion 

( 

con tri' tion 

-\ 

pen' i tence 

on er ous 

bur'den some 

ec stat ic 

rap tur ous 

por ti co 

pi az'za 

ex am ine 

scru ti nize 

a pos' tate 

ren' e gade 

fix ce tious 

liu mor ous 

pu is sant 

pow er ful 

pa ter nal 

fa flier ly 

ca thar tic 

purg a tive 

ma ter nal 

moth er ly 

ce les tial 

lieav en ly 

fra ter nal 

broth er ly 

con sol er 

com fort er 

e lix ir 

cor di al 


EXERCISE 357. 


ath let' ic 

vig' or ous 

au then' tic 

gen' u ine 

re sem ble 

im i tate 

o pin ion 

sen ti ment 

mo men turn im pe tus 

a bate ment 

de due' tion 

pre die tion 

proph e cy 

ap por tion 

dis trib ute 

mo rose ness 

sul len ness 

at trac tive 

al lur ing 

al lu sion 

ref er ence 

e lu sive 

e va sive 

dis sem bier 

hyp o crite 

con trlv ance 

in ven tion 

re hears al 

re clt'al 

con clu sive 

de ci sive 


EXER C 

s 

ISE 358. 


fru V tion 

en joy' ment 

in vent' or 

con triv' er 

ces sa tion 

sus pen sion 

im pel lent 

im pul sive 

con junc tion con nec tion 

pro tect ive 

de fen sive 

co er cion 

com pul sion 

tu i tion 

in struc tion 

er rat ic 

ec cen trie 

pe ti tion 

en treat y 

e£ ac tion 

ex tor tion 

con du cive 

pro mo tive 

ex cep tion 

ex clu sion 

gi gan tic 

e nor mous 

for bid ding 

re pul sive 

delud er 

de ceiv er 


EXER C 

IS E 3 5 9. 


col lec' tion 

as sem' blage 

in' tri cate 

com' pli cate 

ab hor rence 

a ver sion 

vo ta ry 

dev o tee' 

ac ces sion 

ad di tion 

me di ate 

in ter cede 

re cum bent 

re clln ing 

gas con ade' 

bra va' do 

il le gal 

un law ful 

in dis pose 

dis in cline' 

in ces sant 

un ceas ing 

dis a buse 

un de ceive 

in tes tine 

in ter nal 

dis al low 

dis ap prove 

rec ol lect' 

re mem ber 

du' ra ble 

per' ma nent 






















110 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

• 

EX EH C IS E 3 60. 

- - _ _ A - 


r -- 

in' do lence 

i' die ness 

la' zi ness 

fer vent ly 

ar dent ly 

zeal ous ly 

per ti nent 

ap po site 

suit a ble 

priv i ly 

pri vate ly 

se cret ly 

cd i ble 

cs cu lent 

eat a ble 

bash fill ness 

mod est y 

dif li deuce 

ar a ble 

plow a ble 

till a ble 

spriglit li ness 

viv id ness 

EXERCISE 301, 

live li ness 

or' i lice 

ap' er ture 

o' pen ing 

fa gi tive 

run a gate 

run a way 

clar i fy 

def e cate 

pu ri fy 

quer u lous 

mur rnur ing 

com plain'ing 

rav en ing 

rav en ous 

ra pa cious 

bur i al 

sep ul ture 

in ter ment 

can di date 

ap pli cant 

as pir ant 

sub se quent 

fol low ing 

EXERCISE 3 6 2. 

sue ceed ing 

cod' i cil 

sup' pie ment 

ap pen' dix 

au tlior ize 

em pow' er 

com mis sion 

ea ter er 

pur vey or 

pro vld er 

com ic al 

di vert ing 

a mus ing 

jeop ard ize 

im per il 

en dan ger 

dis pir' it 

dis heart en 

dis cour age 
cor rup tion 

de lile ment 

pol lu tion 

ac cum bent 

re cum bent 

re clln ing 


EXERCISE 3G3. 


en com' pass 

en clr' cle 

en vi' ron 

spec ta tor 

ob serv er 

be hold er 

dif fu sion 

dis per sion 

ex ten sion 

de mean or 

de port ment 

be liav ior 

al lure ment 

en tice ment 

temp ta tion 
in' stru ment 

u ten sil 

im' pie ment 

em pliat ic 

im press' ive 

for ci ble 

in ter diet' 

in bib it 

pro hib' it 


















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. Ill 

EXERCISE 3 0 4. 

r 

per' il ous 

liaz' ard ous 

- ^ 

dan' ger ous 

som no lence 

drow si ness 

sleep i ness 

al i ment 

nu tri ment 

nour ish ment 

com plai sant 

af fa ble 

court e ous 

co pi ous 

plen ti ful 

a bun'dant 

way ward ness 

fro ward ness 

per verse ness 

nu tri tive 

nu tri' tious 

nour'ish ing 

crab bed ness 

crust' i ness 

sur li ness 

ar gu er 

rea son er 

de bat'er 

om in ous 

por tent' ous 

fore bod ing 

pre diet' or 

pre sag er 

fore tell er 


EXERCISE 365. 

-- 

..\ t' 

-*- V 


tent 

just 

frith 

spy 

verge 

zeal 

Aeir 

birth 

depth 

same 

rash 

speed 


love' 1 y 
tar dy 
friend ly 
styl ish 
ve nal 
time ly 
rov ing 
mid dling 
ripe ness 
swift ness 


tab' er na cle 
eq ui ta ble 
es tu a ry 
em is sa ry 
ex trend i ty 
en thu si asm 
in her it or 
na tiv i ty 
pro fun cli ty 
i den tic al 
pre cip i tatc 
ve I 09 i ty 

EX Ell 

a' mi a ble 
dil a to ry 
am i ca ble 
fash ion a ble 
mer ce na ry 
sea son a ble 
mi gra to ry 
me di o ere 
ma tu' ri ty 
ra pid i ty 


steep 

flay 

scare 

guide 

fond 

awe 

fame 

praise 

flaw 

flash 

search 

sport 


CIS E 3 6 G. 

stand' ard 
frail ty 
li my 
west ern 
anx ious 
a dapt 
zeal ot 
moist ure 
same ness 
life less 


pre cip' i tous 
ex co ri ate 
in tim i date 
direct o ry 
af fee tion ate 
ven e ra'tion 
rep 11 ta tion 
com men da tion 
im per fee tion 
cor us ca tion 
ex plo ra tion 
rec re a tion 


cri te' rion 
in firm i ty 
cal ca re ous 
lies pe ri an 
so lie it ous 
ac com mo date 
en thu si ast 
liu mid i ty 
i den ti ty 
in an i mate 




















! 112 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXER CIS E 36 7 

. JL 


r 

cur' die 

\ 

co ag' u late 

( - 

dwell er 

■v 

in hab' it ant 

toil some 

la bo ri ous 

rash ness 

te mer i ty 

artist 

ar tif' i cer 

be head' 

de cap i tate 

pen sion 

an nu i ty 

con dense con sol i date 

spe cial 

par tic u lar 

at tend 

ac com pa ny 

en voy 

em bas sa dor 

ex cuse 

a pol o gy 

name less 

a non y mous 

de stroy 

an ni hi late 

pre vail' 

pre dom i nate 

dis sect 

a nat o mize 

a dopt 

af hi i ate 

blood'y 

san'guin a ry 

en rage 

ex as pe rate 

par take' 

par ti$'i pate 

de test 

a bom i nate 

boast' ful 

os ten ta' tious 

dis card 

re pu di ate 

com ment ex pla na tion 

un like 

dis sim i lar 

priest ly 

sag er do tal 

e clipse 

ob scu ra' tion 

learn ing 

er u di tion 


EXERCISE 3 6 8. 

X. 


t — 

main' ly 

chief' ly 

prin' ci pal ly 

liein ous 

fla grant 

ag gra va ted 

no ted 

mark ed 

cel e bra ted 

gor mand glut ton 

gor mand iz er 

dis trict 

re gion 


ter ri to ry 

bliss ful 

hap py 


fe lie' it ous 

le gal 

law ful 


le git i mate 

ord nance can non 

ar til ler y 

health ful whole some 

sa lu bri ous 


EXERCISE 3G9. 


a bridge' 

short' on 

ab bre' vi ate 

ad vice 

coun sel 

ad mo ni' tion 

ab surd 

fool ish 


pre pos'ter ous 

prob lem ques tion 

prop o si' tion 

clam or 

out cry 


ex cla ma tion 

ab solve' 

re lease 

/ 

ex on' er ate 

de pict 

por tray 

de lin e ate 

fear' ful 

a fraid 


ap pre hen' sive 

bet ter 

' lin prove 

a mel' io rate 
















SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER 113 


EXERCISE 

_ - A 

3 7 0. 


t 

dry' ness 

ar' id ness 

a rid' i ty 

dou&t ful 

du bi ous 

am big u ous 

mos lem 

mus sul man 

Mo ham med an 

squeam ish 

scru pu lous 

fas tid i ous 

wan ton 

lech er ous 

las civ i ous 

press ing 

stren u ous 

im por tu nate 

stal wart 

yig or ous 

re doufrt a ble 

base ness 

tur pi tude 

de prav i ty 

pray er 

origon 

sup pli ca' tion 

witch craft 

sor cer y 

con ju ra tion 

shrewd ness 

a cute' ness 

pen e tra tion 


EXER CIS E 

3 71. 


a bode' 

res'i dence 

hab i ta'tion 

re proach 

ob lo quy 

op pro' bri um 

prog'ress 

lm prove ment pro ii cien cy 

hos tile 

un friend ly 

in un ie al 

pon der 

con sid er 

de lib er ate 

prop er 

pe cul iar 

ap pro pri ate 

tri umph 

o va tion 

ex ul ta'tion 

mag ie 

en chant ment 

in can ta tion 

change a ble 

mu' ta ble 

va' ri a ble 

trai tor ous 

treach er ous 

in sid'i ous 

rel e vant 

per ti nent 

ap'pli ca ble 


EXER CIS E 

3 7 2. 


ie' di nm 

Irk' some ness 

wea' ri some ness 

pil la ging 

plun der ing 


Dred a to ry 

sport ive ness 

play ful ness 


bi lar'i ty 

dy nas ty 

gov ern ment 

sov er eiyn ty 

vi o lent 

fu ri ous 

im pet' u ous 

faith ful ness 

trust i ness 

fi del i ty 

prob i ty 

Aon es ty 

in teg ri ty 

bois ter ous 

tur bu lent 

tu mult u ous 

serv i tude 

slav ish ness 

ser vil i ty 

du te ous 

du ti ful 

o be di ent 

sa ving ness 

thrift i ness 

fru gal i ty 















114 SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 


E X E It C 1 S E 

. A 

3 7 3. 

t — 

cor' pu lence 

flesh' i ness 

> 

o lies' i ty 

/rnav isli ness 

/rnav er y 

dis hon es ty 

laud a ble 

praise wor fhy 

com mend a ble 

op po site 

con tra ry 

an ti tliet' ic 

an ces tor 

fore fa flier 

pro gen' i tor 

hand i craft 

work man ship 

man u fact' ure 

col lo quy 

di a logue 

con ver sa tion 

density 

com pact' ness 

so lid'i ty 

quan da ry 

di lem ma 

per plex i ty 

de cen cy 

de co rum 

pro pri e ty 

con tra band 

for bid den 

pro bib it ed 

i 

• 

EXERCISE 

3 7 4. 

! em' bas sy 

le ga' tion 

dep u ta' tion 

des o late 

de sert ed 

sol' i ta ry 

a bet' tor 

fo ment er 

in sti ga tor 

| pro pi tious 

aus pi cious 

fa vor a ble 

re lent less 

re morse less 

un pit' y ing 

com pie tion 

ful fill ment 

ac com plish ment 

ex pert ness 

a droit ness 

dex ter i ty 

ad ja cent 

adjoin ing 

con tig u ous 

as ser tion 

a ver ment 

dec la ra' tion 

ap prai§ al 

ap prize ment 

val u a tion 

se di tion 

re bell ion 

in sur rec tion 


EXERCISE 

37 5. 

ab hor' rence 

a ver' sion 

det es ta' tion 

in frac tion 

in fringe ment 

vi o la tion 

ad journ ment 

post pone ment pro ro ga tion 

de struc tion 

sub ver sion 

deni o li tion 

im peach ment 

in diet ment 

ac cu sa tion 

ac quire ment 

at tain ment 

ac qui si tion 

ad ven ture 

en' ter prise 

un der tak ing 

adjust ment 

set tie ment 

reg u la tion 

a dorn ment 

or na ment 

em bel' lisli ment 

pri me val 

prim i tive 

o rig in al 

rna gi cian 

sor cer er 

nec' ro man cer 















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


115 


SECTION XVII. 

PARONYMOUS WORDS 

By paronymous words are here meant such as are 
alike in pronunciation, but different in spelling and mean¬ 
ing. 

The words of this class, it will be noticed, are here 
arranged according to the vowel element in each, however 
represented.* 


EXERCISE 3 7 G. 


a 


a 


Bale, pack of goods. 

Bail, surety. 

Ale, malt liquor. 

Ail, to trouble ; distress. 
Sale, act of selling. 

Sail, to move by sails. 
Hale, sound; healthy. 
Hail, frozen drops of rain. 
Male, a he-animal. 

Mail, letter-bag. 

Fane, temple , or shrine. 
Fain, gladly ; willingly. 
Feign, pretend. 


Pale, wan; whitish. 

Pail, open vesselfor water , etc. 
Tale, a story. 

Tail, the end. 

Yale, a valley. 

Yail, cover ing for the face. 
W al e,ridge; mark with wales. 
Wail, lament; bemoan. 

Lane, narrow way , or road. 
Lain, extended; being at rest. 
Vane, weathercock. 

Vain, conceited. 

Vein, blood-vessel. 


* For example, the regular long sound of a is represented in six or seven 
different ways; for a in ale, ai in mail, ei in vein, ea in break, e in fete, au 
in gauge , ey in prey, ay in bays, are all exactly alike in sound, though dif¬ 
ferent in form from each other. In words of more than one syllable, it 
should be added, the point of identity, on which the arrangement is based, 
lies in the accented syllable. 

The words in this Section, and in the next, offer numerous illustrations 
of the powers and uses of the vowels, Regular , Occasional, and Excep¬ 
tional, and should be studied in this view particularly. 

















# 

116 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

EXERCISE 37 7. 

a 

a 

Mane, hair on the neck of a 

Rain, water from the clouds. 

Main, chief; the ocean, [beast. 

Rein, strap of a bridle. 

Pane, a square of glass. 

Reiyn, to rule , as a king. 

Pain, distress. 

Wane, decrease. 

Plane, to make smooth. 

Wain, a wagon. 

Plain, level; clear. 

Base, vile; mean. 

Ate, did eat. 

Bass, gravest part of music. 

Ait, little island. 

Brake, tool for dressing flax. 

Eight, twice four. 

Break, to sever by force. 

Bate, to abate ; deduct from. 

Chaste, pure ; undefiled. 

Bait, a lure; to harass. 

Chased, pursued. 

EXERCISE 3 7 S. 

a 

a 

Fate, lot; destiny. 

Phrase, expression, [stakes. 

Fete, a feast. 

F raise, defense of pointed 

' 

Gate, door , or entrance. 

Frays, broils ; combats. 

Gait, mode of walking. 

Gage, to pledge. 

Gauge, a measure. 

Grate, range of bars; to rub. 

O 7 

Maze, intricacy. 

Maize, Indian corn. 

Great, large; vast. 

Nave, hub of a wheel. 

Wade, to ford. 

Knave, a cheat. 

Weighed, did weigh. 

Place, situation. 

Waste, spend lavishly. 

Plaice, a flat-fish. 

Waist, middle of the body. 

EXERCISE 379. 

a 

a 

Plate, flat piece of metal. 

Wait, stay; delay. 

Plait, to fold. 

Weight, heaviness. 

Raze, to subvert; demolish. 

Wave, a billow. 

Raise, to lift up. 

Waive, give up; put off. 

Stake, a post, a wager. 

Faint, weak; languid. 

Steak, slice of meat. 

Feint, false show; pretense. 

Bay, gulf; a color. 

Braze, to solder with brass. 
Brays, does bray. 

Bey, a Turkish governor. 















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 117 


EXE JR Cl 

a 

Baize, coarse woolen cloth. < 
Bays, laurels. 

Bay, time from sunrise to sun- 
Bey, governor of Algiers, [set. 

Slay, kill. 

Sley, a weaver s reed. 

Sleigh, carriage on runners, j 

Way, road , or path. 

Weigh, to balance ; poise. 

Kay, no. 

Neigh, to whinny, as a horse. I 

EXER Cl 

a 

Bat' ing, abating ; excepting. 
Bait ing, putting on bait. 

Grat er, instrument to grate 
Great er, larger. [ with. 

Raz ing, overthrowing ; de¬ 
stroying. 

Rais ing, lifting ; exalting. 

Strait en, to narrow ; stint. 
Straight en, to make straight. 

Strait ly, narrowly. 

Straight ly, in a straight line. 

EXERC1 

e 

Be, to exist. 

Bee, an insect. 

Cede, to yield; give up. 

Seed, to sow , or scatter seed. 
Cere, to cover with wax. 

Sear, to burn ; dry ; withered. 
Seer, a prophet. 


SE 380. 

a 

Hay, dried grass. 

Hey, an expression of joy. 
Pray, entreat; supplicate. 
Prey, spoil; booty. 

Strait, close ; narrow path. 
Straight, direct. 

Tray, small trough; a waiter. 
Treyy/ie three at cards or dice. 
Braid, to weave ; twisted cord. 
Brayed, did bray , as an ass. 
Paste, dough for pies ; sticky 
Paged, did pace. [ substance. 

S E 3 8 1. 

a 

; A vale', to let down ; depress. 

\ A vail, to profit. 

1 Cham payne, a kind of wine. 

; Cham paiyn, level country. 

\ In vade, to assail; attack. 

| In veigh ed, did inveigh. 
i Ce ta' ceons, having the na- 
! ture of whales, [of bristles. 

\ Se ta ceous, having the nature 
} Sal' a ble, that may be sold. 
j Sail a ble, that may be sailed 
I over. 

SE 382. 

e 

j Mete, to measure. 

| Meet, to assemble; suitable. 
Meat, flesh for food. 

\ 

Scene, a view , or sight. 

Seen, beheld. 
i Seine, large fishing net 


l 













118 


SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 3 S3. 


e 


Here, in this place. 

Hear, to perceive by the ear. 
Beer, a malt liquor, [dead. 
Bier, hand carriage for the 

Beet, a garden vegetable. 
Beat, to strike ; throb. 

Breech, lower part of the body. 
Breach, a break; a gap. 

Ceil, overlay the top of a room. 
Seal, marine animal; stamp. 
Creek, small stream , or inlet. 
Creak,a harsh , grating sound. 


The, definite article. 

Thee, thyself. 

Beech, name of a tree. 
Beach, the sea-shore. 

Cheep, to chirp , as a bird. 
Cheap, low-priced. 

Deer, a wild animal. 

Deal', beloved; costly. 

Feet, plural of foot. 

Feat, exploit; deed. 

Fees, rewards. [a rope. 
Feaze, to untwist , as the end of 


EXERCISE 3 8 4. 


Freeze, to congeal. 

Frieze, coarse cloth ; a cornice. 
Greece, name of a country. 
Grease, fat. 

Grieves, pains; afflicts. 

Greaves, armor for the legs. 

Heel, hind part of the foot. 

Heal, to cure. 

Lean, thin ; meager ; incline. 
Lien, legal claim. 

EXERCISE 


Flee, to run away. 

Flea, an insect. 

Lee, side opposite to the wind. 
Lea, meadow; plain. 

Key, that which locks. 

Quay, a mole , or wharf. 

Lief, icillingly ; gladly. 
Leaf, part of a plant. 

Leek, sort of onion. 

run out. 


Leak, ooze; 


3 S 


e 


e 


Meed, reward. 

Mead, meadow; a drink. 
Mean, low; base. 

Mien, look; aspect. 

Mesne, middle; intervening. 
Need, ivcint. 

Ahead, to work , as dough. 
Neal, temper by heat. 

All eel, to rest on the knees. 


;Leach , pass water through 
| Leech, a blood-sucker, [ashes. 

| Peace, rest; quietness. 
i Piece, a part. 

j Peak, top : summit. 

I Pique, offense; spite. 

: Peel, to striq) off; tv skin. 

* Peal, loud sound. 















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 119 


EXERCISE 38 6. 


Queen, consort of a king. 
Quean, a ivortlilcss woman. 
Reed, plant; weaver's tool. 
Read, to peruse. 

Reek, emit smoke or vapor. 
Wreak, take vengeance. 
See, perceive by the eye. 

Sea, great body of water. 
Seem, appear. 

Seam, join by sewing. 
Seize, grasp. 

Sees, does see. 

Seas, more than one sea. 


! Peer, an equal; nobleman. 
Pier, support of an arch. 
Please, give pleasure. 

Pleas, pleadings. 

Sheer, pure; unmixecl. 
Shire, county , or district. 
Shear, clip ivith scissors. 

Sleeve, covering for the arm. 
Sleave, to part threads. 
Steel, hardened iron. 

Steal, to take by theft. 

Sweet, agreeable to the taste. 

( Suite, train; series. 


EXER C 

e 

Teal, a webfooted fowl. 

Teil, lime-tree. 

Teem, be full; bring forth. 
Team, horses or oxen in har- 
Week, seven days. [ness. 
Weak, feeble ; infirm. 

Weel, snare or trap for fish. 
Weal, well-being; happiness. 

EXER C. 

e 

Ceil' ing, the inner roof. 

Seal ing, fixing a seal. 

Sen ior, elder; older. 

Seign ior, lord ; title of honor. 
Ve nus, one of the planets. 

Ye nous, of the veins. 

Week ly, once a week. 
Weakly, infirm; invalid. 


ISE 3S7. 

e 

J Ween, think; deem. 

Wean, draw off; alienate. 

\ Wheel, circular frame. 

| Wheal, pustule. 

| Leave, quit; abandon. 

\ Lieve, gladly ; willingly. 

\ Reeve, bird; to p>ass a rope. 
! Reave, take away ; to rob. 

:SE 388. 

e 

; Ar rear', what remains due. 
Ar riere, lastbodyof an army. 
De mean, to behave; deport. 
De mesne, chief manor place. 
Dis creet, prudent. 

Discrete, distinct; separate. 

Seem'ing, appearing. 

Seam ing, making seams. 













120 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 389 . 

I I 

Bite, press or crush with the Hire, ivciges ; to Jet. 
Bight, a small bay. [teeth. High er, more high. 


Cite, to summon ; repeat. 
Sight, a view ; scene. 
Site, situation; locality. 
Blite, kind of plant. 
Blight, to blast; destroy. 
Clime, region; climate. 
Climb, mount; ascend. 
High, lofty; elevated. 
Hie, hasten; run. 


Isle, a small island. 

I’ll, I will. 

| Aisle, passage in a church. 

I Mite, minute insect. 

| Might, force ; power. 

Nice, neat; dainty. 

Ciieiss, a species of rock. 
j Night, from sunset to sunrise. 
i Anight, champion. 


EXERCISE 3 9 0. 


Quire, twenty-four sheets of 
Choir, body of singers, [paper. 

Rice, esculent grain. 

Ri§e, act of rising ; ascent. 

Ring, circle; a sound. 
Wring, to twist. 

Rite, ceremony. 

Write, trace letters with a pen. 
Right, just; proper. 

Wright, a workman. 

Sine, line in mathematics. 
Sign, mark; signal. 


Size, bidk; bigness. 

Sice, number six at dice. 
Sighs, does sigh; moans. 
Slight, neglect. 

Sleight, a trick. 

Tide, flo w of the sea. 

Tied, bound; fastened. 

Find, discover. 

Fined, taxed. 

Ap prize', to value: rate. 

A pprise, to give notice;in form. 
In dite, to compose. [law. 
In diet, accuse in a court of 


EXERCISE 3 9 1. 


Bole, body of a tree. 

Boll, pod of a plant. 

Bore, make a hole; weary. 
Boar, the male of swine. 
Blote, to dry and smoke. 
Bloat, to puff, or swell out. 


j Borne, carried; conveyed. 
j Bourn, limit; boundary. 
Toad, an animal. 

Towed, did tore. 

J Bow, instrument to shoot ar- 
i Beau, man of dress. [rows. 















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 121 


EXE It Cl 

6 

Broach, pierce, as with a split. 
Brooch, breastpin . 

Course, way; career. 

Coarse, not fine ; rough. 

Core, heart; inner part. 
Corps, body of troops. 

Cote, pen ; fold. 

Coat, outer garment. 

Doe, female deer. 

Dough, unbaked paste. 


SE 3 9 2. 

6 

Foe, enemy. 

Foil, fie ; word of contempt. 
Fore, before. 

Four, twice two. 

Fort, strong place ; fortress. 
Forte, one's strong point. 
Forth, forward. 

Fourth, next after the third. 
Glome, roundish head of 
flowers. 

Gloam, to be sullen , or surly. 


e x e n c. 

6 

Gloze, to flatter. 

Glows, does glow; burns. 

Groan, sound uttered from 
pain. 

Grown, arrived at fall size. 

Horde, tribe or clan. 

Hoard, to lay up ; amass. 

Ho, a word to excite attention. 
Hoe, tool used in farming. 

E X E11 C 

d 

Moan, lament; bewail. 
Mown, cat down , as grass. 

Mote, fine particle. 

Moat, ditch for defense. 

More, greater in amount. 
Mow cr, one that mows. 

Ho, nay; not any. 

Know, have knowledge of. 


S E 3 9 3. 

5 

Hole, hollow place ; cavity. 
Whole, all; entire. 

Hose, stockings. 

Hoes, more than one hoe. 
Lone, solitary. 

Loan, to lend. 

Lo, look; behold. 

Low, not high ; humble. 
Lore, learning. 

Low' er, less high. 

S E 3 9 4. 

6 

Home, province or district. 
Ghome, spirit; goblin. 

Ore, metal in fossil state. 

Oar, sort of paddlefor rowing. 
O’er, over ; above. 

Oh, word of surprise, or pain. 
Owe, lo be in debt. 

Pole, rod; long stick. 

Poll, the head; to register. 





















122 SANDERS* UNION SPELLER. 

EXERCISE 395. 

O 

0 

Pore, minute hole. [water. 

Rote, routine ; kind of guitar. 

Pour, to cause to issue , as 

AV rote, did icrite. 

Port, harbor; haven. 

Shone, did shine. 

Porte, Turkish Court. 

Shown, held out to view. 

Rode, did ride. 

Sloe, wild plum. 

Road, way; route. 

Slow, not fast; sluggish. 

Row fid, did row. 

Sole, only ; bottom of the foot. 

Roar, cry aloud. 

Soul, immortal part of man. 

Row er, one that rows. 

So, thus; in like manner. 

Roe, female of the hart. [oars. 

Sow, scatter seed. 

Row, a rank; to propel by 

Sew (so), join with a needle. 

EXERCISE 3 9 0. 

o 

6 

Sore, wound; ulcer. 

Tole, to draw ; to allure. 

Soar, mount up; ascend. 

Toll, tax ; to ring , as a bell. 

Sow er, one that sows seed. 

Gor ed.pierced,as with a horn. 

Throe, extreme pain. 

Gourd, kind of plant. 

Throw, cast; hurl. 

Ode, song; hymn. 

Throne, seat of a monarch. 

Owed, did owe. 

1 1 

Thrown, cast; hurled. 

Roam, wander ; stray. 

Toe, part of the foot. 

Rome, name of a city. 

Tow, coarse part of flax. 

Bold' er, more bold. 

Told, did tell. 

Bould er, large , round stom 

Tolfid, did tole; allured. 

IIo lv, sacred: divine. 

Tolled, did tax; did ring. 

1 Fhol lv, entirely. 

EXERCISE 39 7. 

11 

u 

Due, what is owed; debt. 

j tlge, to employ. 

Dew, moisture. 

Ewes, female sheep. 

Hue, color; an outcry. 

1 Flue, smoke-passage. 

Hew, to cut. 

Flew, did fly. 

Blue, a color. 

Mfile, a mongrel animal. 

Blew, did blow. 

! Mewl, to cry , as a child. 
--- . i 















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


123 


EXERCISE 308, 


U 


u 


Muse, to think. 

Mews, cages for birds. 

New, fresh ; not old. 

Knew, did know. 

Slue, to turn about the axis. 
Slew, did slay. 


You, thyself. 

Yew, a tree. 

Pu'ny, small; feeble. 

Puis ne, inferior in rank. 
Mu' cus, a slimy fluid. 

Mu cous, slimy; like mucus. 


EXERCISE 3 9 9. 


y 


y 


By, near; through. 

Buy, 'purchase. 

Dye, color ; tinge. 

Die, to expire . 

Rye, sort of grain. [side. 
Wry, twisted; turned to one 
Lyre, musical instrument. 

Li' ar, one that lies. 

Thyme, a plant. 

Time, measure of duration. 
Lye, water passed thro' 1 ashes. 
Lie, untruth ; falsehood. 


Eye, organ of sight. 

I, myself. 

Gybe, to shift a boom-sail. 
Gibe, to mock ; to jeer. 
Rhyme, sameness of sound. 
Rime, hoar frost. 

Tyre, name of a city. 

Tire, to fatigue. 

Dy' ing, expiring; perishing. 
Dye ing, coloring. [cord. 
Eye let, small hole for lace or 
Is let, a small island. 


EXERCISE 400. 


a 


a 


Jag, small load. 


Jagg, to notch , or indent. 

J am, press ; conserve of fruits. 
Jamb, side piece of a chimney. 

Lax, loose; remiss. 


Ab, a month in the Jewish 
Abb, yarn for the warp. [year. 

Adz, a cooper's tool. 

Adds, does add ; joins. 

Dam, mother of brutes. 

Damn, condemn. [liquor .j Lacks, does lack ; wants. 

Dram, drink of spirituous j Nag, small horse. 
Drac/mi, eighth of an ounce. | /knag, knot in wood. 

Bad, evil; wicked. j Nap, a short sleep ; doze. 

Bad?, did bid ; ordered. j /knap, to bite ; a hillock. 


6 

















124: SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

EXERCISE 4 0 1. 

a 

V 

a 

Hack, engine of torture. 
Wrack, sea-weed. 

Rap, slight blow ; to strike. 
Wrap, fold up. 

Tax, rate imposed; duty. 
Tacks, small nails. 

An' il, a shrub. 

An ile, old-womanish. 

Fa<? et, a little face. 

Fas cet, an iron rod; puntil. : 
Cal id, hot; burning. 

Cal lid, cun ning ; crafty. 

Cal' lus,a hardness of the skin. 
Cal lous ^hardened; unfeeling. 
Can non, large gun. 

Canon, a law , or rule_. 

Can vas, coarse cloth. 

Can vass, to discuss ; examine. 
Pan el, a jury roll. 

Pan nel, a rustic saddle. 

Pact, league; contract. 

Pack ed, did pack; put up. 
Gal' i pot, a white resin. 

Gal li pot, pot for medicines. 

EXERCISE 4 0 2. 

e e 

Bell, a hollow sounding vessel. 
Belle, gay young lady. 

Blend, mix; mingle, [lead. 
Blende, ore of zinc; mock- 

Bred, brought up ; begotten. 
Bread, article of food. 

Cell, small close room. 

Sell, to part with for a price. 

Cense, a public tax. 

Sense, power of perception. 
Cent, copper coin. 

Sent, did send. 

Scent, odor ; perfume. 

J est, joke. 

Gest, deed; action. 

Guest, visitor. 

Guessed, did guess. 

EXERCISE 403. 

e c 

Led, did lead ; conducted. 
Lead, a soft metal. 

Red, a color. 

Read, did read ; perused. 
Reck, care ; heed. 

Wreck, destroy. 

Rest, peace; freedom from 
\ Wrest, distort; pervert, [toil. 
Retch, effort to vomit. 

; Wretch, miserable creature. 

; Step, pace ; walk. 

Steppe, barren plain. 















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER, 


125 


EXERCISE 404. 


e 


Ber' ry, a small fruit. 

Bury, to cover ; to inter. 

Les sen, to decrease. 

Les son, a task ; a precept. 
Ces sion, a giving up ; a grant. 
Ses sion, a sitting in council. 
Pen cil, instrument to draiv 
Pen sile, hanging. [with. 


Weafh' er, state of the air. 
Wetli er, a sheep. 

As sent', to agree to. 

As cent, a rising ground. 
Con cent, concord of sounds. 
Con sent, assent ; free-will. 
In ten' tion, design ; purpose. 
In ten sion, a stretching. 


EXERCISE 405. 


In, within. 

Inn, a tavern. 

Bin, a box; chest. 

Been, existed. 

Gild, overlay with gold. 
Guild, a society. 

Gilt, overlaid with gold. 
Guilt, crime; fault. 


Sink, to settle down. 

Cinqwe, five. 

Bit, part of a thing. 

Bitt, frame to fasten a cable. 
Kill, slay ; murder. 

Kiln, oven to bake brick in. 
Ilist, hush ; be silent. 

Hiss ed, did hiss. 


EXERCISE 40 6. 


Hist, water in very fine drops. 
Miss ed, did miss ; failed. 

Hit, egg of an insect. 

Knit, to weave with needles. 

Stick, short piece of wood. 
Stick, line of poetry. 

Bis' cus, a quoit. 

Discous, broad; flat; ivide. 

Fil ter, to strain. 

Phil ter, a love potion ; charm.l 


Gild' er, one who gilds. 
Guild er, a Dutch coin. 

Griz zly, somewhat gray. 
Gri§ ly, frightful; hideous. 
Per mis' ci ble, that may be 
mixed. 

Per mis si Lie, allowable. 

In cip i ence, commencement. 
In sip i ence, leant of wisdom. 
In cis ion, a cutting into. 

In si tion, a setting in ; graft. 














126 .SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 407. 


O 

Lock, to fasten with a loch. 
Lough, a lake. 

Hock, a kind of wine. 
Hough, lower part of the thigh.\ 
Not, a word of den ial; no. 
/knot, a tie ; to tie. 

Sor' rel, a plant. 

Sor el, a huclc of the third year, j 
Ton sil, gland in the throat, j 
Ton sile, that may be clipped, j 


o 

Pol' y pus, a thing with many 
feet , or roots. 

Poly pous, like the polypus. 

Sar copli' a gus, stone coffin. 

Sar copli a gous, flesh-eating. 

The oc' ra c v, government im¬ 
mediately under God. 

The oc ra sy, mixture of the 
worship of different gods. 


EX ER Cl S E 40 8 . 


U 

Sun, orb of light and heat. 
Son, a male child. 

Dun, ask payment; a color. 
Done, finished; completed. 
Dust, fine particles of dry 
Dost, performest. [earth. 
Just, right; proper. 

Joust, tilt; mock-fight. 


V 

U 

Plum, a kind of fruit. 
Plumb, upright; erect. 

JiniX.plaited linenfor the neck. 
Hough, uneven. 

Chuff, a clownish person. 
Chough, a fowl. 

Hung, did ring; sounded. 

11 rung, did ring ; twisted. 


u 


EXERCISE 40 9. 

u 


Mum, a malt-liquor ; silent. 
Mumm, to mask. 

Skull, bone inclosing the skull. 
Scull Jo impel a boat by an oar 
at the stern. 

But, on the contrary ; except. 
Butt, to strike with the head. 

Sun' less, without the sun. 
Son less, without a son. 


Cud' die, to lie snug , or close. 
Cud le, a small sea-fish. 
Sum, amount. 

Some, ‘not all; certain ones. 
Nun, a female recluse. 

None, no one. 

Cous in, child of uncle or aunt. 
Coz en, to cheat. 

Sut'tle, net weight. 

Subtle, sly; artful. 

















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


127 


JSXjEJtCISE 410. 


J 


Lynx, animal of the cat kind. 
Links, parts of a chain. 

II ymn, a sacred song. 

Him, that one. 

Wynn, kind of truck , or car- 
W in, to gain by contest. [ riage. 
Cyst, sac ; bladder. 

Sist, to stay proceedings. 
Cyn'ic al, snarling ; captious. 
Sin i cal, pertaining to a sine. 


ITyp, low spirits. 

Hip, joint of the thigh. 
Styx, a fabled river. 
Sticks, pieces of wood. 
Lyn, a waterfall. 

Lin, to yield ; to cease. 
Pyx, a box. 

Picks, does pick ; chooses. 
Cyg' net, a young swan. 
Sig net, a seal. 


JSXEUCISE 4 11. 


a 


Bare, nude; naked. 

Bear, an animal; to suffer. 

Fare, food ; cost of a passage. 
Fair, clear ; comely. 

Glare, a dazzling light. 

Glair, the white of an egg. 

Ware, merchandise ; cautious. 
Wear, to waste by friction. 

Hare, an animal. 

Hair, filament from the skin. 


Pare, to cut; to trim . 

Pair, a couple. 

Pear, a kind of fruit. 

Stare, to gaze. 

Stair, a step for going up. 
Tare, allowance. 

Tear, to rend; to sunder. 
Par' ed, did pare ; trimmed. 
Pair ed, joined in pairs. 

Glar ed', dazzled. 

Glair ed, smeared with glair. 


EXEHCISE 4 12. 


a 


a 


Hart, a male deer. 

Heart, the vital part; the core. 
Ark, a chest; close vessel. 
Arc, part of a circle. 

Barb, down of plants ; beard. 
Barbe, leather armor for horses. 
Mar' slial, chief; to range in 
order. 

Martial, warlike; brave. 


Cask, a vessel for liquors. 
Casque, ar mor for the head. 
Cast, to throw , or hurl. 
Caste, a tribe , or clan. 
Draft, to outline; to sketch. 
Draught, a drawing; cl 
drink. 

Past, not present; ended. 
Pass ed, did pass. 


















128 


SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXEItCISE 4 13. 


a 


Ball, a round body. 

Bawl, to cry or speak aloud. 
All, the whole; total. 

Awl, a tool to pierce with. 
Awn, the beard of corn. [ell. 
Audi, a French measure ; an 
I Bald, without hair. 

Bawled, did bawl; cried aloud.. 
Aught, anything. 

Ought, in duty bound. 1 


Call, to name; to summon. 
Caul, a membrane. 

Cause, reason ; motive. 

Caws, does caw. 

Cauf, a box for fish in water. 
Cough, convulsion of the 
Cawk, limestone. [lungs. 
CaZk, to stop the seams of ships. 
Ward, guard; custody. 
Warred, did war ; fought. 


EXERCISE 4 14. 


a a 

•• •• 

Hall, entrance; a large room, j Gall, bile; a bitter substance. 

Haul, to drag forcibly. j Gaul, ancient name of France. 

Pall, covering for the dead. Fawn, a young deer. 

Pawl, short bar of wood , or < Faun, fabled deity of the 

Paus q, to stop ; cease. [iron.\ ivoods. 

Paws, feet of beasts. > Haw, berry of the hawthorn. 

Clause, part of a sentence. j Haugh, a little , low meadow. 

Claws,WcecZ nails of animals. j Salt'er, more salt; one who 

Wall, a fence of stone or brick. salts. 

Waul, to cry as a cat. jPsalt er, the Book of Psalms. 


EXERCISE 415. 


e 


There, in that place. 

Their, of them. 

Heir, one that inherits. 

Ere, before. 

Eyre, court of circuit judges. 
Air, fluid we breathe. 

Heir ed, inherited. 

Air ed, exposed to the air. 


S6rge, a woolen stuff. 

Surge, wave ; billow. 

Berth, place to sleep in a ship. 
Birth, act of coming into lyfe. 
Earn, deserve by labor. 

Urn, vessel for liquids , etc. 

A ers ed, well skilled. 

A erst, a Russian measure. 













SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 129 

EXERCISE 416. 

oo and 66 u 

Coom, coal-dust; soot. j Grume, clotted blood. 

Coomb, four bushels. j G room , one that tends horses. 

Hoop, ring; circular band, j Rude, rough; uncivil. 
TFlioop, shout; outcry. Rued, did rue. 

Droop, sink, or hang down, j Rood, fourth of an acre. 
Drupe, a pulpy fruit. Brute, a beast. 

66 | Bruit, to noise abroad. 

Wood, material of trees. j Cru' el, inhuman. 

Would, willed; Pret. of will.] Crew el, a ball of yarn. 

EXERCISE 417. 
u ou 

Fur, fine soft hair. j Flour, fine part of ground 

Fir, a kind of tree. j Flow er, a blossom, [grain. 

Purl, to flow with a gentle J Foul, impure; dirty. 

Pearl, a gem. [noise. \ Fowl, a bird. 

Surf, swell of the sea. ; Bough, branch of a tree. 

Serf, a slave ; servant. ; Bow, bend down ; stoop. 

Bur' row, a hole in the ground.^ Fouler,more foul, [sportsman. 
Borough, a corporate town. S Fowler, a bird-catcher; 

-♦.» - --- 

SECTION XVIII. 

WORDS NEARLY ALIKE IN SOUND. 

EXERCISE 4 IS. 

a a 

La' ya, matter from a volcano .s Ra' zor, instrument to shave. 
La ver, vessel for washing. \ Rais er, one that raises. 

Gla cier, broad field of ice. Sa vor, taste ; odor. 

Gla zier, one that puts in glass] Say er, one that saves. 

1ST a val, relating to ships. : A bel, a man's name. 
Navel, central part; middle Able, having power. 

A ere, 160 sq. rods of land, j As say', to test , as metals. 

A chor, scald-head. i Es say, to try ; attempt. 












130 


SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


e 


EXERCISE 4 19. _ 

e 


Go' nns, a sort , or kind. 
Gen ius, aptitude; talent. 
Pm an, song of triumph. 

Pm on, a poetic foot. 

E ther, refined air ; a fluid. 
Ei flier, one or the other. 

E gret, a heron. 

E gri ot, a kind of cherry. 


Be' tel, a species of pepper. 
Bee tl e,wooden mallet; insect. 

Cease, stop ; desist. 

Seize, lay hold off. 

Se l’ous, thin ; watery. 

Se ri ous, grave ; earnest. 

De cease', death. 

Bis ease, sickness. 


E X E R CIS E 4 2 0. 


Pl'lot, steersman ; guide. 
Pi late, a mail's name. 

I die, slothful. 

I dol, image for worship. 
I dyl, pastoral poem. 


BrI'dal, relating to a bride. 
Bri die, head-rein ; curb. 

Mi ner, one that mines. 

Mi nor, less ; under age. 
Pri or, former ; previous. 


Bi vl'sor, number that divides: Pri er, one that juries. 

Be vig or, a testator. ! Vi al, small glass bottle. 

Be vig er, one that contrives. > Vi ol, musical instrument. 


o 


EXERCISE 421. q 


Po'lar, relating to the poles. 
Poll er, one that polls. 
Potion, drink; draught. 
Por tion, share ; part. 

Po sy, motto ; nosegay. 

Po e sy, poetry ; verse. 

Po ta Lie, fit to drink. 

Port a blc, able to be carried. 


Cloge, to shut up; end. 
Clothes, articles of dress. 
Tome, a volume. 

Tomb, a sepulcher. 

Fore most, most advanced. 

Fore nnist, mast near the bow. 
Fore man, chief man. 

Foe man, enemy. 


u 


E X E R CIS E 


Bu'al, relating to two. 

Bu el, fight between two. 
Suture, actcf sewing; seam. { 
Suit or, one that sues ; hver. \ 
ITu mer al, the shoulder. 

Hu moral, relating to humors. 
E lu'sive, tending to elude. 

II lu sive, making a false show} 


422. y 

Cy' press, a forest tree. 

Cy prus, crape; an island. 
Ty phon, an evil spirit. 
Ty phoon', a whirlwind. 
Bry as, a wood-nymph. 
Bry os, kind of mistletoe. 
Bry ad, a wood-nymph. 
Bri ed, did dry. 

















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


131 


EXE11C1SE 4 2 3. 


a 


a 


Track, trace; footstep. 

Tract, region; district. 

Ab' bey, a monastery. 

Ab ba, father. 

An gor, intense pain. 

An ger, passion , vexation. 
Ank er, measure for liquids. 
Ancli or, hold-fast for ships. 
Lat in, a language. 

Lat ten, plates of iron tinned. 


Bal'let, a comic dance. 

Bal lot, ticket for voting. 

Bar on, a rank in nobility. 
Bar ren, sterile ; unfruitful. 
Cap tor, one that captures. 
Capt ure, to take as a prize. 
Car at, weight of four grains. 
Car rot, a garden plant. 
Gam ble, to game. 

Gam bol, to leap and skip. 


EXERCISE 4 2 4. 


a 


a 


Man'ner, mode; way ; fashion. 
Man or, a dominion of a lord. 
Mat rass, a chemical vessel. 
Mat tress, a quilted bed. 

Pal ate, the roof of the mouth. 
Pal let, a small bed. 

Bab hoi, joint; to join boards. 
Bab bit, an animal. 

An a lyst, one that analyzes. 
An nal ist, a writer of annals. 


Stat'ue, image of wood, stone. 
Stat ute, a law. 

Travel, to journey, [pain. 
Trav ail, to toil; to suffer 
Cal en dar, a register of times. 
Cal en der, a hot press. 

Cap i tal, chief; a large letter. 
Cap i tol, legislature house. 
Bad i cal ,pertaining to a root. 
Bad i cle, young root; germ. 


EXERCISE 425. 


e 


s* 

e 


Sell'er, one that sells. 

Cel lar, room under a house. 
Med al, metal shaped like coin. 
Med die, to interfere. 

Met al, mineral , as gold , etc. 
Mettle, spirit; courage. 

Ped al, pertaining to the feet. 
Ped die, to go about to sell. 


Ten'or, stamp; character. 
Ten ure, hold; claim. 

De scent', a coming doivn. 
Dis sent, disagreement. 

E lect' or, one that elects. 
»lec tre, amber. 

Preg' e dent, going before. 
Pre§ i dent, one who presides. 












132 


SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 4 2 6. 


Mis'sile, a thing thrown. 

Mis sal, r prayer-book ; ritual. 
Pil low, cushion for the head. 
Pil lar, a column. 

Rig or, stiff)tess; severity. 
Rig ger, one that rigs vessels. 
Pis til, part of a flower. 

Pis tol, small fire-arm. 

Pis tole, a gold coin. 

Ca lid' i ty, heat; warmth. 
Cal lid i ty, skill; cunning. 

E lie it, to draw out. 

II lie it, unlawful. 


Bin' na cle, compass-box. 

Bin o cle, kind of telescope. 

Lie o rice, root of sweet taste. 
Lickerish, dainty; delicate. 

Lit er al, pertaining to letters. 
Lit to ral, relating to the shore. 

Prin ci pal, chief; main. 
Prin ci pie, law , or rule* 

Mil le na ry, thousand years. 
Mil li nery, bonnets , ribbons. 

E lis'ion, act of cutting off. 

E lys i an,of Elysium ; happy. 


EXERCISE 4 2 7. 


O 


o 


Col' lar, thing worn round the < 
Cliol er, bile; anger, [neck. j 
Profit, gain; advantage. 
Proph et, one that predicts. 
Con dor, a species of vulture. J 
Cond er, helmsman s director, j 
A pos' tie, messenger. 

A pos til, marginal note. 

De pos it a ry, a trustee. 

Be pos it o ry, place of deposit. 


Ilon'or a ry ,conferring honor. 
On er a ry, burdensome. 

Com pli ment, a civility. 
Coin pie ment, full sum* 
Proph e cy, prediction. 
Proph e sy, to predict. 

Chron i cle, register of events. 
Chron i cal, relating to time. 
Pop u lous ffull of people. 
Pop u lace, the people. 


EXERCISE 42 S. 


U 


u 


Cilll' er, one that culls. 

Col or, hue; dye ; tint. 
Suck er, that which sucks. 
Sue cor, aid ; help. 

But tress, prop; support. 


| Sculp' tor, maker of statues. 
| Sculp ture, statuary. 

| Fa cun' di ty, ready speech. 

| Fe cun di ty, fruitfulness. 


But ter is, toolfor paring hoofs, j y 

Pum ice, substance thrown \ Cym' bal, musical instru- 
from volcanoes. j ment. 

Pom ace, crushed apples. \ Sym bol, type ; emblem. 
















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


133 


EXERCISE 429. 


a 


a 


Mar' tin, a swallow. 

Mar ten, kind of weasel. 
Far ther, more distant. 

Fa ther, 'male parent. 
Balm, a healing ointment. 
Barm, yeast. 

j Parse, analyze sentences. 
Pass, move by; go on. 


Lanch, to hurl as a spear. 
Launch, slide , or shove off. 
Pas tor, shepherd, minister. 
Pas tare, grazing-ground. 

Cast er, a cruet; a vial. 

Cas tor, kind of beaver. 

Pass a ble, able to be passed. 
Pas si ble, able to be felt. 


EXERCISE 4 30. 


a 


Au' ger, a boring tool, 

Au gur, to predict; forebode. 
Lawn, open space of ground. 
Lorn, forsaken, lonely. 

Laud, praise. 

Lord, master; nobleman. 

Au ri cle, external ear. 

Or a cle,* response of a deity. { 


De gert', forsake. 

Deg gert, last course at table. 
E merge, come forth ; rise. 
Im merge, plunge into. 
Earn'ing, meriting by service, 
U i’ii ing, putting into an urn, 
Yer' tic al, directly over head. 
Yor tic al, like a whirlpool. 


EXERCISE 4 3 1. 


O 


Vir' tue, moral goodness. 
"Virtu', love of the fine arts. 

| Fi rat, foremost. 
j Fust, strong musty smell. 

Burst, break open. 

Bust, upper half of the body. 
Durst, dared, ventured. 
Dust, fine particles of earth. 
Cur rant, a fruit; dried grape 
Cur rent, flowing; passing. 


< Sort, kind; species. 

\ Sought, searched after, 

| Stork, large wading bird , 

| Sta/k, walk pompously. 

j For'merly, in time past. 

I For mal 1 y,in formal manner. 

< Ord nance, cannon ; mortars. 
i Or di nance, law, statute. 

! Or don nance, arrangement. 
\\ Cor po ral, relating to the body. 
Cor po' re al, having a body. 


* The o in oracle is the regular 6 short , not 6. 
















134 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


SECTION XIX. 

ANALYSIS OF WORDS. 

That part of a derivative word which contains the 
principal idea, is called the root, or radical. Thus 
tract, in the word extract, is the radical part, and 
means to draw. 

The syllable ex, which comes before the radical, is 
called a prefix, and means out; so that the two com¬ 
bined signify to draw out. 

If now to the word extract we add the syllable ed, 
which is called a suffix, and means did, we shall have 
ex tract ed, which, putting the meaning of the several 
parts together, may be defined did draw out. 

Thus the meaning of each part is disclosed, and the 
whole satisfactorily explained. This mode of dealing 
with words, in order to ascertain their full 'and exact sig¬ 
nification, is called, Analysis, 

It should be added, that the roots or radicals, in Eng¬ 
lish, are of two kinds. Some of them are entire, inde¬ 
pendent words, and may stand in a sentence without 
being combined with any prefix or suffix. Thus, act, 
join, soft, are of this kind, and are hence called separ¬ 
able radicals. 

But there are many which, like .tect, in eject, clude, 
in exclude, and tep, in tepid, can never appear alone. 
These have a separate and independent meaning , like the 
others, and may be defined in the same manner; but, 
because of their always forming only a part of a word, 
they are called inseparable radicals. 












SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 135 


PREFIXES. 

In the Exercises following, the Prefix, and the Radi¬ 
cal, each with the proper definition underneath , occupy 
the first and second columns respectively. In the third 
! column, they are put together as one word, and in the 
| fourth, the Derivative word thus formed, is defined by 
bringing together the definitions previously given of the 
parts taken separately. 

EXERCISE 432. 


PREFIXES. RADICALS. DERIVATIVES. DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVES. 


Ab 

duct 

Ab duct', 

to lead from, or away. 

from; away. 

lead. 



Ad 

join 

Ad join', 

to join to. 

to; at; near. 

Ana 

add. 



lyze 

An' a lyze, 

to loosen up; resolve 

up; again. 

loosen. 


into elements. 

Ante 

cedent 

An te ced' ent, 

going before. 

before. 

going. 



Anti 

pathy 

An tip' a thy, 

feeling against; ill-will. 

against. 

feeling. 



Be 

daub 

Be daub', 

smear over. 

by; over; make. 

smear. 



Bene 

factor 

Ben e fac' tor, 

one who does good. 

well; good. 

doer. 




EXERCISE 433. 


Circum 

fluent 

Cir cum' flu ent, 

flowing around. 

around. 

flowing. 


Cis 

alpine 

Cis al' pine, 

on this side the Alps. 

on this side. 

of the Alps. 



Con 

voke 

Con voke', 

to call together. 

with; together. 

call. 



Contra 

vene 

Con tra vene', 

to go against; oppose. 

against. 

go. 



De 

fleet 

De fleet', 

to turn from, or aside. 

from; down. 

turn. 



Dis 

miss 

Dis miss', 

to send away; let go. 

apart; away. 

send. 


drive out. 

Ex 

pel, 

Ex pel, 

out ; out of. 

drive. 
















136 SANDERS’ 

UNION SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 434. 


PREFIXES. 

RADICALS. 

.DERIVATIVES. DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVES. 

En 

wrap 

En wrap, 

to fold in. 

in; to make. 

fold. 



Extra 

vagant 

Ex trav 7 a gant, 

straying beyond limits. 

beyond. 

straying. 



Fore 

doom 

Fore doom', 

to condemn beforehand. 

before. 

condemn. 



Hemi 

sphere 

Hem' i sphere, 

half a sphere. 

half. 

globe. 



In 

cise 

In cise', 

to cut in, or into. 

in; into. 

cut. 



Inter 

jacent 

In ter ja' cent, 

lying between. 

between. 

lying. 



Intro 

spect 

In tro spect', 

to look within. 

within. 

look. 




EXERCISE 43 J. 


Mis 

guide 

Mis guide', 

to guide wrong. 

wrong. 

lead. 



Male 

factor 

Mai e fac' tor, 

one ivho does evil. 

evil; wrong. 

doer. 



Ob 

struct 

Ob sruct', 

to pile up in front 

in front; against, pile up. 


of; to oppose. 

Out 

last 

Out last', 

to last beyond. 

beyond. 

endure. 


Over 

value 

O ver val' ue, 

to prize beyond. 

above; beyond. 

prize. 


Per 

forate 

Per' fo rate, 

to bore through. 

through. 

bore. 


Post 

pone 

Post pone', 

put after; defer. 

after; afterwards. 

put. 



EXERCISE 436. 


Pre 

cursive 

Pre cur' sive, 

running before. 

before. 

running. 


Preter 

legal 

Pre ter le' gal, 

beyond the legal. 

beyond ; past. 

lawful. 

Pro 

duce 

Pro duce', 

to lead, or bring forth. 

before; forth. 

lead. 


Re 

view 

Re view', 

to view again. 

again; back. 

see. 


Retro 

grade 

Ret' ro grade, 

to go backwards. 

backwards. 

step. 

Se 

cede 

Se cede'. 

to go aside , or apart. 

aside; apart. 

go. 



Semi 

nude 

Sem' i nude, 

half naked. 

half. 

naked. 











SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 137 


EXERCISE 43 7. 


PREFIXES. 

RADICALS. 

DERIVATIVES. DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVES.. 

Sub 

side 

Sub side'. 

to settle under; sink ,-. 

under 

sit; settle. 



Subter 

fluous 

Sub ter' flu ous, 

flowing under. 

under. 

flowing. 



Super 

natant 

Su per na' tant, 

swimming above.. 

over; above. 

swimming. 



Syn 

thesis 

Syn' the sis, 

a putting together. 

with; together. 

act of putting. 


Sus 

tain 

Sus tain’, 

to hold up; support. 

up ; upward. 

hold. 



Traus 

port 

Trans port'. 

to carry over. 

across; over. 

carry. 



Up 

lift 

Up lift', 

to lift on high. 

above; on high. 

raise. 



Ultra 

mundane 

Ultra mun dane, beyond the worldly, or 

beyond. 

worldly. 

what pertains to this world. 

Un 

wise 

Un wise', 

not wise ; imprudent. 

not. 

prudent. 



With 

stand 

With stand', 

to stand against. 

against; aside. 

hold ground. 




EXERCISE 438. 


Be* 

head 

Be head', 

to deprive of head; 

deprive of. 

chief part. 


put to death. 

Con 

vert 

Con vert, 

to turn completely; re¬ 

completely. 

turn. 


new ; transform. 

De 

fame 

De fame, 

to deprive of character ; 

deprive of. 

character. 


to slander. 

Dis 

arm 

Dis arm, 

to deprive of arms. 

deprive of. 

weapon. 



Dis 

credit 

Dis cred it, 

not to credit; to dis¬ 

not. 

trust. 


believe. 

Dis 

sever 

Dis sev er, 

to sever entirely. 

entirely. 

to part. 



In 

sane 

In sane, 

not sound in mind; 

not. 

sound. 


deranged. 

Un 

curl 

Un curl, 

to deprive of curls; 

deprive of. 

ringlet. 


loose from ringlets. 

Un 

current 

Un cuP rent, 

not current; not pass¬ 

not. 

passing. 


ing. 


* The examples in Exercise 438, are to illustrate certain special mean¬ 
ings of some of the Prefixes. Thus, Be, in Behead , means to deprive of, and 
is then said to be Privative; so Be, in Defame, and Bis, in Disarm. 

When a Prefix signifies not, as in dislike (not to like), it is said to be 
Negative. When it merely adds force to the natural meaning of the radi¬ 
cal, as Con, in Convert, it is said to be Intensive, and may be rendered by 
such words, as very, completely, entirely, etc. 












138 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

SECTION XX. 

DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOME OF THE 

PREFIXES. 

Some of the Prefixes have a variety of forms. Thus, 
AD has no less than ten, as ad, af, ag, al, an, ap , ar , as, 
at, a. These changes of form in the Prefixes are all made 
lor the sake of euphony. 

EXERCISE 4 3 9. 

Forma of ad. 


PREFIXES. 

RADICALS. 

DERIVATIVES. 

DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVES. 

Ad 

duce 

Ad duce' 

lead to; bring forward. 

to. 

lead. 



Af 

fix 

Af fix, 

fasten to; subjom. 

to. 

fasten. 


Ag 

group 

Ag group, 

gather to; bring together. 

to. 

gather. 



Al 

lot 

Al lot, 

assign to; distribute. 

to. 

assign. 



An 

n ex 

An nex, 

join to; adjoin. 

to 

join. 



Ap 

pend 

Ap pend, 

hang to; attach. 

to. 

hang. 


Ar 

range 

Ar range, 

range to; put in order. 

to. 

roiv. 



As 

sume 

As sume, 

take to, or upon one's self. 

to. 

take. 


At 

tract 

At tract, 

draw to; allure. 

to. 

draw. 



A 

mount 

A mount, 

rise to ; come up to. 

to. 

rise. 




EXERCISE 

4 4 0. 

1 



Forms of con. 


Con 

nect 

Con nect', 

to link together. 

together. 

link. 


Cog 

nate 

Cog' nate, 

born together; akin. 

together. 

horn. 


Col 

lect 

Col lect', 

to gather together. 

together. 

gather. 

Com 

pact 

Com pact, 

* drive together; compress. 

together. 

drive. 


Cor 

ri val 

Cor ri' val, 

to compete together. 

together. 

compete. 


Co 

erce 

Co-erce', 

force together; compel. 

together. 

force. 




















I 

! 


SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 139 

EXERCISE 441. 


Forms of ob. 


PREFIXES. 

RADICALS. 

DERIVATIVES. 

DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVES. 

Ob 

ject, 

Ob ject', 

throw in front of; oppose. 

in front. 

throw. 


Oc 

cur 

Oc cur, 

run in front of; come to pass. 

in front. 

run. 


Of 

fer 

Of fer, 

bear in front of; present. 

in front. 

bear. 


Op 

pose 

Op pose', 

put in front of or against. 

in front. 

put. 



Os 

tentation 

Os ten ta'tion, 

act of holding in front ; 

in front. 

act of holding. 

display. 



EXER CIS E 

14 2. 



Forms of sub and trans. 

Sub 

due 

Sub due', 

lead, or bring under. 

under. 

lead. 

Sue 

cumb 

Sue cumb 

lie under; y ield. 

under. 

lie. 


\ Suf 

fer 

Suf fer, 

bear up under; endure. 

under. 

bear. 

Sug 

gest 

Sug gest', 

bring under notice; to hint. 

under 

bring. 



Sup 

press 

Sup press, 

press under; put down. 

under. 

foixe. 



Trans 

gress 

Trans gress, 

step over; violate. 

over. 

step. 



Tres 

pass 

Tres'pass, 

step over; sin against. 

over. 

step. 





EXERCISE 443. 



Forms of in’ and inter. 

In 

trude 

In trude', 

thrust in; encroach. 

in; not. 

thrust. 



I g 

nore 

Ig nore, 

not to know; not to recognize. 

in; not. 

know. 



11 

lume 

11 lume, 

throw light in, or on. 

in; not. 

light. 



Im 

merge 

Im merge, 

plunge in; immerse. 

in; not. 

plunge. 



Ir 

radiate 

Ir ra' di ate, 

shine in upon; illume. 

in; not. 

shine. 



Inter 

lay 

In ter lay', 

lay or put between 

between. 

put. 



Enter 

prise 

En' ter prise, 

take between hands ; under- 

betvjeen. 

take. 

1 

take. 



















140 

SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 



JJ X E It C IS E 4 4 4. 

Forms of ex and anti. 

PREFIXES. 

RADICALS. 

DERIVATIVES. 

DEFINITION’S OF DERIVATIVES. 

Ex 

out. 

pand 

spread. 

Ex pand', 

spread out; enlarge. 

Ec 

out. 

centric 

central. 

Ec cen' trie, 

out of the centre; odd. 

Ef 

out. 

fulge 

shine. 

Ef fulge', 

shine out; beam. 

E 

out. 

volve 

roll. 

E volve, 

roll out; develop. 

Anti 

against. 

dote 

given. 

An' ti dote, 

what is given against poison. 

Ant 

against. 

acid 

sour. 

Ant ac' id, remedy against acid. 

EXEltCISE 445. 

Forms of ab and contra. 

Ab 

from. 

solve 

loose. 

Ab solve', 

loose, or free from. 

Abs 

from. 

tain 

hold. 

Ab stain, 

hold., or keep from. 

A 

move 

A move, 

to stir, or move from. 

from. 

stir. 


Contra 

against. 

diet 

speak. 

Con tra diet, 

speak against; deny. 

Contro 

against. 

vert 

turn. 

Con tro vert, 

turn against; contest. 

Counter 

poise 

Coun ter poise, 1 

weigh against; to equal in 

against. 

weigh. 

1 

EXEJtCISE 

weight. 

4 4 0. 


Forms of dis, super and syn. 

Dis 

apart. 

tend 

stretch. 

Dis tend', 

stretch apart, or out. 

Dif 

apart. 

fract 

break. 

Dif fract, 

break apart, or in pieces. 

m 

apart. 

verge 

bend. 

Di verge, 

bend, or tend apart; vary. 

Super 

over. 

vene 

come. 

Su per vene, 

come over, or upon ; happen. 

Sur 

over. 

pass 

step. 

Sur pass, 

step over; excel. 

Syn 

opsis 

Syn op' sis, 

view together; general view. 

together. 

Syl 

view. 

lable 

Syl' la ble, 

a taking together of letters , so 

together. 

a taking. 

\ as to form one sound. 

Sym 

together. 

posium 

a drinking. 

Sym po' si um, 

a drinking together; feast. 
















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 141 

SECTION SSI. 

SUFFIXES. 

In this Section, the Radicals, being for the most part, 
very simple, are left without separate definition. In the 
first column, therefore, will be found the Suffixes, in the 
second, the Definitions of the Suffixes, in the third, 
the Derivatives, and in the fourth, the Definitions of 
the Derivatives. 


EXERCISE 44 7. 


SUFFIXES. 

DEFINITIONS. 

DERIVATIVES. 

DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVES. 

ate* 

to make. 

Xju' brie ate, 

to make lubfic or slippery. 

ate 

made like. 

Glob ate, 

made like a globe. 

en 

to make. 

Soft en, 

to make soft. 

en 

made of. 

Silk en, 

made of silk. 

fy 

to make. 

Rar e fy, 

to make rare, or thin. 

ify 

to make. 

Just i fy, 

to make or prove just. 

ize 

to make. 

Civ il ize, 

to make civil. 

ing 

continuing to. 

Walk ing, 

continuing to walk. 

ed 

did. 

Mark ed, 

did mark. 

ed 

having. 

Skill ed, 

having skill. 

ar 

one who. 

Beg gar, 

one who begs. 

er 

one who. 

Pay er, 

one who pays. 

ee 

one who. 

Pay ee', 

one who receives pay. 

or 

one who. 

Act' or, 

one who acts. 

an 

one who. 

Ro' man, 

one ivho is a native of Rome. 

ate 

one who. 

Cu rate, 

one who has a cure; a pastor. 

ist 

one who. 

Art ist, 

one who is skilled in art. 


* Ate and Ex, in common with Fy, Ify, and Ize, are defined above by 
the phrase “ to make because they are commonly used to form verbs. 
This phrase, “ to make," is taken, as a definition, merely for the sake of 
convenience. In many cases, other definitions, as “ to cause," “ to put," 
&o., will be found more suitable. Sometimes the suffix is the mere sign 
of a verb ; as locate, to palace. 

Besides this use, however, Ate and Ex, as is seen in the text, to which 
may be added the suffix Ed, are employed to form participles and parti¬ 
cipial adjectives; and, are then defined by such phrases as, “ made of" 
“made into," “made , or formed like," “having," “ affected by," &c. 















142 

SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 



EXERCISE 4 4 S. 

SUFFIXES. 

DEFINITIONS. 

DERIVATIVES. 

DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVES. 

ner 

one who. 

Fart/ner, 

one who has or owns a part. 

ster 

one who. 

Team ster, 

one ioho drives a team. 

yer 

one who. 

Law yer, 

one who is versed in law. 

isan 

one who. 

Par ti san, 

one who sides with a party. 

zen 

one who. 

Cit i zen, 

one xeho dwells in a city. 

ess 

a female. 

Li on ess, 

a female of the lion tribe. 

ine 

a female. 

Her o ine, 

a heroic female. 

ix 

a female. 

Me di a' trix, 

a female that mediates. 



EXERCISE 4 4 9. 

ity* 1 


Pub lie' i ty, 

quality or state of being public. 

cy 


Fri' va cy, 

quality or state of being private. 

ancy 


Oc cu pan cy, 

quality or state of being occupied. 

ance 

quality , or state Vig il ance, 

state of being vigilant. 

ency 

of being. 

Tend en cy, 

quality or state of tending. 

ence 

Ad her' ence, 

quality or state of adhering. 

ude 


Qui' et ude, 

state of being quiet. 

ness 


Rude ness, 

quality of being rude. 

ion 

ment 

ure 

the act of ; that 
which. 

Mo tion, 
Move ment, 
Seiz ure, 

act of moving. 
act of moving. 
act of seizing. 



EXERCISE 4 5 0. 

al 1 


Fa' tal, 

pertaining to fate. 

ern 


East ern, 

relating to the East. 

ic 


He ro' ic, 

pertaining to a hero. 

an 

'pertaining or 
relating to. 

Af ' ri can, 

pertaining to Africa. 

ine 

Ser pen tine, 

pertaining to a serpent. 

ile 

In fant ile, 

pertaining to an infant. 

ar 


Con sul ar, 

relating to a consul. 

ary 


Com et a ry, 

relating to a comet. 

ical 

J 


Fo et' ic al, 

relating to a poet. 



EX ERClS 

E 4 5 1. 

ousf 


Dan' ger ous, 

full of danger. 

ose 

full of; of the 
nature of. 

Ver bose', 

full of words. 

ful} 

Hope' ful, 

full of hope. 

y 

Jui cy, 

full of juice. 

e *y . 


Clay ey, 

of the nature of clay. 

ly 

in a — manner. 

Rude iy, 

in a rude manner. 

able 

i that may or can Trace a ble, 

that may be traced. 

ible 

\ he: fit to be. 

Ed i ble, 

fit to be eaten. 

ific 

producing. 

Tor por if' ic, 

producing torpor. 

ics 

the science of. 

Op tics, 

the science of vision. 

* This Suffix has two other forms, Ety and Ty ; as, in variety, and novelty. 

f The Suffix Ous has several forms, 

as Eous, Ceous, etc. 

} Tho Suffix Fun, when, with a radical, it forms a noun, signifies “what, 
or as much as, will fill;” as, hand/a/, what, or as much as, luill fill the hand ; 

armful, what will fill the arm. 

j . ■ 0rf,m M 


















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER 


143 


EXERCISE 


SUFFIXES. DEFINITIONS. 

age* 
old 

est 
esce 
escent 
escence 
ismf 
less 
ish 
some 


the act of. 

having the form. 

more. 

most. 

to grow. 

becoming. 

act of becoming. 

doctrine. 

without. 

somewhat,. 

somewhat. 


DERIVATIVES. 

Casrt' age, 
Sphe roid, 
Hard er, 

Hard est, 

Co a iesce', 

A ces' cent, 

A ces cence, 
Mor'mon ism, 
Cash less. 
New ish, 
Lone some, 


ship 

hood 



EXER CIS E 
Lord' ship, 

rank, office, state, Child hood, 
or jurisdiction of. Bish op ric, 
Pope dom, 
Glut ton y, 

the art or prac- Big ot ry, 
lice of; or the Stat u a ry, 
place where. Cook er y, 
Arm or y, 

toward. V/est ward, 


DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVES. 

the act of carting. 
having the form of a sphere. 
more hard. 
most hard. 

to grow together; unite. 

becoming sour. 

act of becoming sour. 

the doctrine of the Mormons. 

without cash. 

somewhat new. 

somewhat lonely. 

4 S3. 

the rank of a lord. 
the state of being a child. 
the jurisdiction of a Bishop. 
the jurisdiction of the Pope. 
the practice of a glutton. 
the practice of a bigot. 
the art of making statues. 
the art of cooking. 
place inhere arms are kept. 
toward the West. 


EXERCISE 454. 


ive 

ory 

kin 

ling 

cule 

ulo 

cle 

icle 

ock 

et 

let 

aster 


tending to, or hav - Pre vent' ive, 
ing the nature of. Ex' pi a to ry, 
Lamb kin, 

Gos ling, 

An i mal' cule, 
Glob' ule, 

Tu ber cle, 
Par ti cle, 

Hill ock, 

Flow er et, 
Ring let, 

Po et as ter, 


little, petty, or 
minute. 


tending to prevent. 
tending to expiate, 
a little lamb, 
a little , or young goose, 
a minute animal, 
a little globe, 
a little tumor, 
a minute part, 
a little hill, 
a little flower, 
a little ring, or curl, 
a petty poet. 


* The Suffix Age, signifies, also, the cost of, the place where , the rank or 
condition, as also an assemblage of things. 

f This Suffix deserves special notice. It marks what is peculiar to per¬ 
sons or things; and hence denotes a doctrine or system, a state or condi¬ 
tion, as also an idiom in language. 

\ Y, Ry, Ary, Ery, Ory, are merely different forms of the same pre¬ 
fix. Beside the meanings given above, they often denote a body or num¬ 
ber of things taken collectively; as, perfumer;/, a collection of perfumes 
yeomanry, the body or mass of yeomen. 












144 

SANDERS’ 

UNION SPELLER. 


SECTION XXII. 


ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND 

WORDS. 

Here, 

in the first and second columns, the parts of 

each compound are separately given, with the definitions 

underneath. Jn the 

third column, they are brought 

together again, and, in 

the fourth, defined as one word. 


EXERCISE 4X5. 


FIRST PART. 

SECOND PART. 

COMPOUNDS. 

DEFINITIONS. 

Homi, ] 


r Horn' i cide, 

the killing of a man. 

man. 




Parri, 


Par' ri cide, < 

tho killing of a pa- 

parent. 


1 

rent. 

Infanti, 


In fant' i cide, i 

the killing of an in- 

infant. 


fant. 

Matri, 

another. 

- cide, a killing. - 

Mat' ri cide, < 

tho killing of a 
mother. 

Fratri, 


Frat' ri cide, I 

the killing of a 

brother. 


\ 

brother. 

Regi, 


Reg' i cide, i 

the killing of a 

king. 


1 

king. 

Sui, 


Su' i cide, i 

the killing of one’s 

self. J 


L 1 

self. 

I 

EXERCISE 456. 


1 Demo, 


' De moc' ra cy, 

rulo of the people. 

people. 

Aristo, 

! noble. 

- cracy, rule. 

Ar is toe' ra cy, 

rulo of the nobles. 

| Ortho, 


Or' tho dox, 

right in doctrino. 

j right. 

J Hetero, 

► dox, doctrine. - 

Het' e ro dox, 

other, or different 

j other. 


1 in doctrino. 

i Hippo, j 

• drome, course. 

( Hip' po drome, 

i horse-course; race- 

, horse. 1 

t 

1 course. 

! Aque, 

! water. 

duct, channel. 

Aq' ue duct, 

channel for water. 

1 Agri, 


' Ag' ri cul ture, 

{ tillage of fields ; 

field. 

culture, 

( farming. 

Horti, 

tillage. 

Hor ti cul ture, 

( culture of a gar- 

garden. 


\ 

ij den ; gardening. 






















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


145 


EXERCISE 457 , 


FIRST PART. 

Tri, 

three. 

Cent, 

hundred. 

Mill, 

thousand. 

Fructi, 

fruit. 

Flori, 

flower. 

Denti, 

tooth. 

Cruci, 

cross. 

Ovi, 

egg. 


Melli, 

honey. 

Felli, 

gall. 

Igni, 

fire. 

Octa, 

eight. 

Poly, 

many. 

Febri, 

fever. 

Vermi, 

worm. 


8F.COND PART. 


COMPOUNDS. 



' Tri en' ni al, f 

ennial, year , 

\ 

Cen ten' ni al, \ 

or yearly. 

Mil len' ni al, \ 

< 

ferous, bear- 

r • ’ -s 

mg. 

' Fruc tif' er ous, ( 

Flo rif' er ous, \ 

J 

j- frice, rubbing. 

\ Dent' i frice, j 


Cru' ci form, j 

- form, shape. 

O' vi form, ( 

1 


fluous, flow 
ing. 


EXERCISE 4 5 S. 
' Mel lif lu ous, 

Fel lif lu ous, 

Ig nif lu ous, 

Oc ta he' dron, 


j 


hedron, side. 


fuge, a chasing 
away. 


Pol y he dron, 
' Feb' ri fuge, 
Venn' i fuge, 


EXERCISE 459 


Hexa, 


r Hex' a gon, _ 

six. 

Octa, 

eight. 

► gon, angle. ■* 

Oc' ta gon, ^ 

Poly, 


Pol' y gon, \ 

many. 

Poly, 

glot, tongue. 

j Pol' y glot, : 

many. ) 

Homo, 

' Ho mo ge' ne ous, 

same. 

geneous, hav - 

, 

Het e ro ge'ne ous, j 

Hetero, 

ing the nature. 

other. J 


L ( 


DEFINITIONS. 

once in three years. 

once in a hundred 
years. 

pertaining to a 
thousand years. 

bearing, or produc¬ 
ing fruit. 

bearing, or produc¬ 
ing flowers. 

preparation to rub 
or clean the teeth. 

having the form of 
a cross. 

having the form of 
an egg. 


flowing with honey; 
sweet. 

flowing with gall; 
bitter. 

flowing with fire. 

j figure having eight 
{ sides. 

\ figure having many 
1 sides. 

j that which chases 
1 away or subdues fever. 

j that which chases 
j away or expels worms. 


a figure having six 
angles. 

a figure having 
eight angles, 
a figure having 
many angles, 
containing many 
tongues. 

having the same 
nature. 

having a different 
nature. 






























146 

SANDERS’ 

UNION SPEL 


EXERCISE 4 6 0. 

FIRST PART. 

6ECOND PART. 

COMPOUNDS. 

BelU, ] 


' Bel lig' er ous, 

war. 

Crini, 

gerous, bear - 

Cri nig' er ous, 

hair. 

s 


Lani, 


La nig' er ous, 

wool. 

Auto, 


' Au' to graph, 

self. 

1 graph, 


Tele, 

writing. 

Tel' e graph, 

far off. 

Magni, 1 


> 

Mag nil' o quence, 

large. 

loquence, 


Grandi, 

talk. 

Gran dil' o quence, 

grand. 




Bio, 

life. 

Steno, 

short. 

Typo, 

type. 

Topo, 

place. 

Geo, 

earth. 

Ortho, 

right, 


Geo, 

earth. 

Zoo, 

animal. 

Theo, 

God. 

Concho, 

shell. 

Chrono, 

time. 

Cyclo, 

circle. 

Hydro, 

vmter. 

Hippo, 

horse. 


graphy, 

a writing; 
marking; 
description. 


EXERCISE 401. 
Bi og / ra phy, 

Ste nog' ra phy, 

Ty pog' ra phy, 

To pog' ra phy, 

Ge og' ra phy, 

Or thog' ra phy, 


EXERCISE 462. 
r Ge ol' o gy, 


logy, word; 

reasc 
ence. 


reason; sci- 


Zo ol' o gy, 

The ol' o gy, 
Conch ol' o gy, 
Cliro nol' o gy, 


DEFINITIONS. 

bearing’, or bringing 
war. 

bearing, or having 
hair. 

bearing, or having 
wool. 

the hand-writing of 
one’s self. 

contrivance for writ¬ 
ing from afar. 

big talk; pompous 
language. 

great talk; lofty 
speaking. 


j a writing, or liis- 
1 tory of one’s self, 
short-hand writing. 

\ a marking with 
( types; printing. 

\ a description of 
/ places. 

| a description of the 
] earth. 

j correct writing; 
( spelling. 


j science of the form- 
l ation of the earth, 
science of animals. 

( the science which 
( treats of God. 
science of shells. 


I 
I 

phobia, dread. ) Hy dro pho'bi a, j 


pedia, knowl- \ Cy clo pe' di a, 

edge; science. \ 


potamus, 

river. 


\ Hip po pot' a mus, 


1 


science of comput¬ 
ing time or dates, 
circle of the arts 
and sciences, 
dread of water; 

canine madness, 
a river-horse. 






















SANDERS’ 

UNION SPED 

LEK. 147 


E X E RC IS E 4 0 3. 


FIKST PART. 

SECOND PART. 

COMPOUNDS. 

DEFINITIONS. 

Cosmo, 

polite, 

i Cos mop' o lite, 

a citizen of the 

world. 

citizen. 

world. 

Aero, ) naut ; one who 

| A' er o naut, 

one who sails in or 

air. 

sails. 

navigates the air. 

Poly, 

nesia, 

j Pol y ne' sia, 

consisting of many 

many. 

islands. 

\ ; 

islands. 

Tri, 


Tri no' mi al, i 

consisting of three 

three. 

nomial 

> n. nnm p. • n. ^ 

j 

terms or members. 

Quadri, 

Quad ri no' mi al, 1 

consisting of four 

four. 

term. 

; 

terms or members. 

Poly, 

Pol y no' mi al, 1 

consisting of many 

many. 


l 1 

terms or members. 


EXERCISE 404. 


Astro, 


' As tron' o my, i 

law, or science of 

star. 


the stars. 

Eco, 

house. 

- nomy, law. 

E con' o my, i 

law, or rule of a 
house; thriftiness. 

Deutero, 


Deu ter on' o my, i 

second law, or fifth 

second. 


book of Moses. 

Pan, 


" Pan o ra' ma, < 

a complete view; 

all. 

- orama, view. - 

view of all. 

Cosm, 

Cos mo ra' ma, 

view of the world. 

world. 

Tele 


' Tel' e scope, 

1 instrument to view 

far off. 

scope, a view 

[ things far off. 

Micro, 

or sight. 

Mi' cro scope, 

i instrument to view 

small. 

J 



[ things minute. 


EXERCISE 465. 


Philo, 

f sophy, j 

Plii los' o phy, 

| love of wisdom; 

love. 

wisdom. | 

1 knowledge. 

Penta, 

five. i 

■ teuch, book. 

Pen' ta teuch, 

I the five books of 

1 Moses. 

Pyro, 


r Py ro tech' nic, 

' relating to the art of 

fire. 

technic, relat- 


making fire-works. 

Poly, | 

ing to art. 

Pol y tech' nic, 

relating to many 

many. 



1 arts. 

Stereo, ) 

type, mark, 

Ste' re o type, 

solid type; plate of 

solid. ) 

emblem. i 


metallic type. 

Carni, ] 


" Car niv' o rous, 

flesh-eating, or de- 

flesh. 

vorous ^eating, 

vouring. 

Cra 

or devouring. 

Gra niv' o rous, 

grain-eating, or de- | 

grain. 



vouring.* 

* For a course of study in the analysis of Derivatives and Compounds 

exclusively, 

see Sanders & McElligott’s Analysis op English Words. 































148 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


SECTION XXIII, 

TEST WORDS. 

To bring under special review what has been taught in the previous part 
of this book, and to test, by pertinent examples, the pupil’s proficiency in 
the art of spelling generally, is the leading aim of the present Section. 

In aid of this design, notes are not unfrequently subjoined, pointing the 
learner back to the page or exercise, where may bo found the rule, excep¬ 
tion, principle, or what not, involved in the spelling or pronunciation of 
the particular word before him. 

Other notes, also, are added, embracing points not elsewhere introduced, 
or such as seemed to require some additional explanation. 

The examples, moreover, are often so arranged as almost to compel com¬ 
parison between such words and parts of words as British {one t) and 
skittish {two i's), distaff {ff) and digraph {pli), typify {ify ) and tepefy {efy), 
which are among the most fertile sources of error in orthography. 


EXERCISE 460. 


ab' scess 

cat' e ehigm 

a poc' ry pha 

cais' son 

dis' ci inline 

a pos' ta sy 

ba' sm 

dis' si pate 

ar is toe' ra cy 

rai' §m 

ep' au let 

ab o li' tion 

dis' taff 

et i quette' (-Jcet) 

eb ul li' tion 

di' graph 

ii' e ry 

pan' e gy rize 

hare' lip 

wlr' y 

phy lac' ter y 

jack' al 

gel' a tine 

r hi 1109' e ros 

mael' strom 

guil' lo tine 

e vis' cer ate 

mini' skull 

mag' is trate 

com mig' er ate 

or' gieg 

maj' es ty 

syn on' y mous 

right' eous 

mol' li fy 

tris' yl la ble 

sib' yl 

os' si fy 

fe roQ' i ty 

tor' toise (-tis) 

pa?'ify 

ver bos' i ty 

tew' el 

liq' ua ble 

phthi^f ick y* 

shack' leg 

liq'ui date 

ap pa ri' tion 

mis spell' 

mar' i gold 

cat e ehu' men 


* In forming phthisicky from phthisic, why is the k inserted? See Rule 
VI, page 61 . 














SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 149 

ber' yl 

EXERCISE 

ben' i gon 

46 7. 

a e' ri alf 

fer' rule ( ril) 

ern bla' zon 

fu ne' re alf 

cam' phor 

de pend'ence 

bo tan' ic alf 

sul' phur 

at tend' ance 

ty ran' nic al 

clou&t' ing* 

fill' la cy 

■cha me' le on 

dough' ty 
elf' in 

pol' i cy 
fan' ta sy 

crl te' ri on 

cau' li flow er 

dau' phin 

hoi' ly hock 

gil' li flow er 

e clih' 

hoi' o caust 

nec' es sa ry 

huz za' 

hor' ri fy 

ne ces' si ty 

lat' tice 

tor' re fy 

ter ra que ousf 

let'tuce (-tis) 

man da riii' 

ob se' qui ous 

tea' gels 

pis ta reen' 

po li' an theg 

mea' gleg 

bag' i lisk 

pol y an' thus 

wea' gelg 

ob' e lisk 

dipli the' ri a 


i: X JE R CIS E 46 8. 


for' age 

pen' ni less 

so lil' o quyf 

por' ridge 

pen' ny weight 

col' lo quy 

sea lene' 

pi o neer' 

syl' lo gigm 

tu reen' 

cav a lier' 

yen tril' o quigm 

ter rene' 

court' e sy 

cem' e tery 

ton tine' 

courte' sy 

sym' me tryf 

fag' got 

in fring' ingj 

far i na' ceous 

mag' got 

singe' ing 

con sci en' tious 

mi rage' (- rcizh ') 

nas tur' tion 

col lig' ion 

pip' pin 

an' nu al 

co a li' tion 

nas' cent 

man' u al 

su per sti' tious 

piqu' ant 

ap ro po6‘' 

di aph' a nous 

tan' gy 

vig'ilance 

em pyr' e al 

co' zy 

prev' a lence 

em pir' ic al 

de bris' 

com' plai gance 

pal' at a ble 

(da bree') 

cog' ni zance 

gar ru' li ty 


* Why is b silent in doubting ? See Assimilation of Consonants, p. 13. 
\ For the accent on these words, see pages 78 and 79. 

\ Why is the e omitted in infringing, and retained in singeing ?— 
See note, page G8. 












150 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER 

jal' ap 

EXERCISE 4 09 

ras call' ion 

mac a ro' ni 

seal' lop 

bat tal' ion 

mach i na' tion 

trol' lop 

bi' as ed 

re cep' ta cle 

wal' lop 

com' pass ed 

el lip' tic al 

wad' y 

buc ca neer' 

sail' a to ry* 

shod' dy 

brig a dier' 

san' i ta ry 

with al' 

car' ri on 

plan' et a ry 

fore stall' 

clar' i on 

er ro' ne ous 

zouave ( zwdv ) 

cel' er y 

sym pho' ni ous 

yacAt' mg 

cel' lar age 

au toe' ra cy 

prai' rie 

ser' apli ine 

hy poc' ri sy 

dai' ry 

cam' phene 

vl ca' ri ous 

di' a ry 

cop' per as 

cal ca' re ous 

fri' ar 

cop' y right 

ac ces' sa ry * 

bri' er 

crit' i cigm 

ac ces' so ry 

tor' sion 

wit' i cigm 

car' i ca ture 

ter' tian 

veg' e tate 

char' ac ter ize 

waltz' ing 

E XER CIS E 47 0 

de pog' it 

com' mis sa ry 

wheel' aright 

com pog' ite 

em' is sa ry 

ko' ran 

fill la' cious 

e ma' ci ate 

■eho' ral 

her ba' ceous 

ex pa' ti ate 

breez'y 

frip' per y 

mon stros' i ty 

clieeg' y 

dra' per y 

reg i prog' i ty 

lam' pass 

gay' e ty 

no vi' ti ate 

gram' pus 

la' i ty 

de pre' ci ate 

browse 

hal' i but 

vac gi na' tion 

grouse 

hoi' o graph 

vag il la' tion 

ban' yan 

id' i om 

tel lu' ri an 

Cm' ion 

vac' u um 

va le' ri an 

ae' rie 

in ser' tion 

sal e ra' tus 

Mell' ium 

in ver' sion 

in iq' ui tous 

chil' blain 

tran scend' entf 

bug' y bod yj 

se pawn' 

as cend'antf 

an' y wherej 


* Sanatory, conducing to health, as sanatory measures; sanitary, per¬ 
taining to health ; accessary , aiding in crime; accessory , additional, 
f For a note on words of tins class, see page 8G. 

^ What sound has u in busybody , and a in amgivliere ? See page 37. 
















SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. It 


J EXE It CIS E 

4 7 1. 

stir' rap 

ver mil' ion 

ab o rig' i neg 

poiyn' ant 

quin till' ion 

ad mis' si ble 

phy §'ique' 

ter' ri fy 

ad mit' ta ble* 

mar' rain 

ver' i fy 

mis tak' a ble 

/map' sack 

tu' me fy 

ad ver' tige merit 

gain' ut 

tvp' i fy 

bac ca lau' re ate 

cum' in 

tep' e fy 

bac clia na' li an 

ver' min 

trag' e dy 

cat e diet' ic al 

salt'-r/ieum 
•• • • 

tal' i§ man§ 

da guerre' o tjqie 

sarce' net 

am' ber gri's 

da guerre' i an 

corse' let 

a cous' tics 

ir rev' er ence 

hour geois' {-jois) 

bar ri cade' 

per se ver' ance 

bpu quet' (-lad) 

bar' y tone 

Ec cle §i as' te§ 

swap' ping ) 

ba na' na 

e van gel' ic al 

thwack' ing [ 

ban dan' a 

e ques' tri an 


EX a 11 C IS E 

47 2. 

ches£' nut 

bar' be cue 

clii rop' o dist 

a by§m' 

can' ni bal 

e£ ag' ger ate 

war' rant 

cel' an dine 

hi' e rarch y 

Wedneg' day 

clilo' ro form 

hy dro pho' bi a 

(wenz dy) 

chant' i cleer 

hy per crit' ic al 

awn' ing 

chrys' a lis 

liyp o crit' ic al 

blow.^e 

chrys' o lite 

id i o syn' era sy 

boo'gy 

Cy re' ne 

mel lif' er ous 

ooz' v r 

dal' li ance 

in tel' li gi ble 

bowl' ing 

de seen' sion 

i ras' ci ble 

troll' ing 

dis sen' sion 

Lil i pu' tian 

chain' ois (-my) 

dis per' sive 

man' tuu-mak er 

ba rege' (-raj) 

dis cur' sive 

mil len' ni um 

chim' neys 

eu / cha rist 

vi cis' si tude 

cher' riesf 

ex enf plar 

ca tas' tro phe 


* Sea Exorcise 281, page 86. Note that adjectives formed from English 
words by suffixing able or Me, as readable from read, commonly prefer the 
form able. Tiio33 from Latin end in able or Me, according as they end 
in dbilis or ibilis in that language. 

f Why, in the plural of cherry {cherries), is y changed into i, and not 
intfkhimneys ? See Rules XTT arid XITT, pages 69 and 70. 

~Z . —— ■■ ■ ■■■ . . Z— 


























152 SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 

47 3. 

q uay' age {he-) 

cle mur' rer 

He a pol' i tan 

hey' clay 

fal'lible 

ef face' a blef 

ga' la-day ~ 

fa tigu' ing 

pur' elms a ble 

liq' nor 

fric as seed' 

os ten' si ble 

lac' quer 

g/iast' li ness 

pet' ti fog ger 

mig spend' 

gos' sa mer 

pi a' no-for te 

neigh' bor 

gir' an dole 

phyg i og' no my 

ped' tiler 

hand' her chief pre sent l ment 

pam' phlet 

ho ri' zon 

pre gent' ment 

phal' anx 

hor' o loge 

pet ri fac' tion 

piece' meal 

IIu' gue not 

pu tre foe' tion 

ytshaw 

hur' ri cane 

re cog'm zance 

y»seu ; do 

ieh neu' mon 

re con' nois sance 

pust' ule 

i' ron y 

rem i nis' cence 

qua' haug 

im promp' til 

sep a ra' tion 


EXERCISE 

474 . 

rac coon' 

i' gin glass 

su per seel' ure 

rey' nard 

kan ga roo' 

thor' ougli wort 

whim' gey 

ka' ty did 

u biq' ui ty 

cup' board;); 

log' a rithmg 

lo quap' i ty 

clap' board 

mag a zine' 

ver i sim' i lar 

sc/rigm 

hy' gi ene 

ifhdop' ing-cough 

scrive' ner 

man' i kin 

ab er ra' tion 

souve nir' 

me dall' ion 

a ceph' a lous 

sor' g/mm 

man dil' ion 

a' er a ted 

tis' sue (-shu) 

o paque' ness 

al to gefli' er 

tou'can 

piqu' an cy 

an ni ver' sa ry 

traipse 

pie'ia deg 

av oir du poig' 

tran scribe' 

pleu' ri sy 

bel lig' er ent 

tres' tie 

pol' li wig 

as sas' sin ate 

twad' die 

pol' y chord 

brag ga do' ci o 


* "What is the general Rule for the insertion of the hyphen in compound 
words? See n<^te, page 75. What, for accenting th<?m ? See page 80. 

•f Why, in forming effacedbh from efface , is not the final e in the latter 
dropped? See Exercise 224, and the second note on page G8. 

X On the sound of p, in the words cupboard and clapboard, sec page 9. 















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER 


153 


cac'tus 

EX E R CIS E 4 7 5 

pa vil' ion 

cap' stan 

no nill' ion 

cor' al 

punc til' ious 

be queafh' 

reg' i pe 

de tacli' 

re lig' ious 

un latch' 

ren' dez vous 

dipli' thong 

(yen' de voo) 
re' qui em 

dough'nut 

eight' een 

de ten' tion 

flac' gid 

de flux' ion 

gair' ish 

salt'-cel lar 

gang' ing 

sat' el lite 

goug' mg 

scur' ril ous 

ynaw' ing 

shib' bo leth 

lieark' en 

sib' yl line 

hym' n ing 

EXERCISE 47 6 

syc' a more 

mar' tyr 

tan' ner y 

meer' sghaum 

ti a' ra 

mes' sie urs 

ter' ra pin 

(mesh' yerz) 

ter' a phim 

nan keen' 

tarn hour Ine 

nick' el 

com mit' ted 

pal' lor 

com mu' ted 

pars' ley 

tre men' dous 

pic' nic 

vac' gi nate 

pie' bald 

val' or ous 

plagu' y 

den' i zen 

pbr' poise (pus) 

yen'i§on 


of fer res' cence 
el ee mos' y na r y 
e mol' li ent 
e£ hil' a rate 
fal' si fi er 
for' ti fv in or 

_ J o 

hyp o ebon' clri ac 
math e ma ti' cian 
mis' cel la n y 
o rang'-ou tang' 
par a pher na'li a 
pla' gi a rig in 
port man' teau (to) 
sperm a ce' ti 
tax'i der mist 


up hoi' ster y 
an tiq' ui ty 
ap pel la' tion 
ap pur' te nance 
bo' a-con strict' or 
can cel la' tion* 
cas' tel la ted 
cap' il la ry 
colonel' cy 
(kur f net sy) 
ka lei' do scope 
er y sip' e las 
Feb' ru a ry 


* Cancellation, if formed from cancel, by adding the suffix at ion, might 
pass for an exception to Rule VtH, page and be set down among the 
list of exceptions, like crystalline, ■metallic, etc., as in Exercise 210. But, 
in reality , none of this class of words torm exceptions to the rule, if we 
consider that in the languages whence they come to us (Latin, through the 
French and the Greek), the l is doubled already. But for the merely Eng¬ 
lish scholar, they are exceptions, and for convenience, may be so treated. 












15 ir SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 



EX ER C IS E 

17 7. 

re 

hearse' 

vit' re ous 

ha bil' i ment 

r/iom' boid 

vit' ri ol 

in no va' tion 

rouge ( roozh ) 

whif' fle tree 

mel' an cliol y 

schnapps 

o bei' sauce 

ob liq' ui ty 

sghot' tish ) 

a bey'ance 

ob' lo quy 

sghot' tisglie j 

al' ba tross 

yil' lain y 

Brit' ish 

Ma lac 'ca 

pri mo ge' ni al 

skit' tish 

al pac' a 

ho mo ge' ne al 

squirm 

al be' it 

rec on noi' ter 

sta 

rye' ling 

as cer tain' 

re gist i' ble 

sue ginct' 

bach' e lor 

r/iet o ri' cian 

suf lice' (fize) 

be lea' guer 

scin til la' tion 

swartli' y 

bob' o link 

tee to' tal er 

ton' nage 

bul' le tin 

syl lab i ca' tion 

trom' bone 

cas' si mere 

Chat ta noo' ga 

vel' lum 

cat a falque' 

sa lu' ta to ry 

whiz' zing 

cocli' i neal 

sus cep' ti ble 



EXERCISE 

4 7 S. 

a g/dist' 

col' an der 

pu sil lan' i mous 

ban' tam 

col on nade' 

pol' y the igm 

bud' d/iigm 

col' o nize 

re frig' er a tor 

chal' dron 

deg' i mal 

re j id ve nate 

cal 

' dron 

der' e lict 

re tal' i ate 

cou' gar 

des hk bille' 

pal' li ate 

cou' pon {pong) 

di' a mond 

vi tres' ci ble 

gos' sip er 

E gyp' tian 

ac cess' i ble 

CO 

lqyne' 

em bar' rass 

re miss' i ble 

de bu t' 

ex cres' cence 

ac qui es' cence 

cush' ion 

reg' i pe* 

a nal' o go us 

ek 

'ing 

frol' ic some 

as par' a gus 

gaj 

p' ing 

rol' lick ing 

a nom' a Ions 

ep 

1 ' od 

guer ril' la 

cat' e go ry 

a thwart' 

gy ra' tion 

cor' ri gi ble 

con' dint 

hand' i work 

cor rupt' i ble 

con tour' 

bein' ous ness 

di c tct' ics 

•X 

For a note on e 

final, on such words as 

recipe, see page 39. 

i 























SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 155 


EX E R CIS E 47 9. 


bail' iff 

11' i ad 

et y mol' o gy 

ca' lipli 
r/tym' ing 
s-e/zeni' ing 

im' be cile 

ex traor' di na ry 

in vei' gle 

flag el la' tion 

aid§-de-campt 

Her cu'le an 

Christ mas 

(dds-de-kong) 

in tel' li gence 

cor tege' ( tdzh ') 

lag' er ate 

men ag' e rie 

de spair' 

lull' a by 

(men ctzli e re) 

eu' -elire* 

mac' ca boy 
ma chin' ist 

neu ral' gi a 

fledge' ling 

o po del' doc 

front' ier 

man' di ble 

par e gor' ic 

ynash' ing 

me ri' no 

per en' ni al 

grand' eur 

nar' ra tive 

per tur ba' tion 

dan' draff 

bal za fine' 

pol' y syl la ble 

horn' blende 

ob nox' ions 

su per f i' cie§ 

van dyke' 

om' e let 

E X E It Cl S E 48 0 

tap i o' ca 

• 

hour' l 

o pos' sum 

waf' fle-i ron 

flow' er y 

par' a ghute 

Ab ys sin' i an 

shoe' ing 

par' a lyze 

am phib' i ous 

keel' son 

par' o quet 
phar' i see 

a poc' a lypse 

clique 

ap pa ra' tus 

corn' frey 

ret' i cence 

ar chi pel' a go 

blanc-mange' 

r/iap' so dy 

ce lib' a cy 

(bio monj') 

sab' a oth 

ben e f i' ci a ry 

dac'tyl 

sas' sa fras 

con stel la' tion 

ghe nille' 

sgin' til late 

de te' ri o rate 

due' at 

yen' ti late 

el' i gi ble 

en feoff' 

Sgyth' i an 

gut' ta-per' cha 

en nui' 

si roc' co§t 

ir ri ga' tion 

(ong nwe f ) 

stac/t' hold er 

mam ma' li a 

prac' tig ed 

Teu ton' ic 

mer' ry-an' drew 


* On words ending like euchre , see note, page 87. 

f In re-spelling words from the Erench, we employ the combination ng 
(as in ad-cle-kong), merely to indicate the nasal sound heard in pronoun¬ 
cing the syllables, en, on , etc., in that language. 

\ On the spelling of the plurals of words ending in o, see note, page 13. 














156 SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. 


EXERCISE 

4 8 1. 

gam boge' 

tom' a hawk 

met ro pol' i tan 

gar rote' 

treag' ur er 

nul li fi ca' tion 

go' pher 

trou' ba dour 
• • • • 

o ver-bal' ance 

gran' lte 

vas' sal age 

pan e gyr' ic 

hawg' er 

mu' ci lage 

par' ti ci pie 

&nick' /macks 

ver' di gr'is 

pe ripli' e ry 

mem'oir {war) 

zo' o pliyte 

pilii lol' o gy 

mor' phi lie 

am a teur' 

ymeu mo' ni a 

mush' room 

im m a ture' 

rep a ra' tion 

morgue 

con nois seur' 

sar sa pa ril' la 

myth 

am' e tliyst 

tes' sel la ted 

cas' si a 

an'telope 

ter res' tri al 

pe lisse' 

an' ti type 

u til i ta' ri an 

pen' guin 

Ap' en nineg 

ac com' pa ni ment 

san' guine 

av a langlie' 

al lege' a ble 

trail' script 

broil chi' tis 

a er o stat' ies 


EXERCISE 

4 S 2. 

plum&' ing 

buoy' an cy* 

Ap pa la chi' an 

quartz 

poiyn' an cy 

ap prox' i mate 

qui vive' 

cat' a com&g 

a ritli me ti' cian 

(Ice vev') 

ci vil' ian 

con fee' tion er y 

rai' ment 

oc till' ion 

con va les' cent 

re scinch' 

be numb' ed\ 

cor re spond'ence 

ro gette' 

laugh' a ble^: 

cur vi lin' e ar 

sand' wich 

and' i ron 

drom' e da ry 

scull' ion 

an' ec dote 

c lec tri 9 ' i ty 

ski' verg 

an' ti dote 

e phem' e ra 

sky'ey 

an' o dyne 

an thro popli' a gl 

shrap' li el 

a pos' de 

ar bo res' cent 

sol' stice 

ar' a besque 

ad ven ti' tious 

sol sti' tial 

ar' ti gan 

leop' ard’g-bane 

ben' e lice 

ax' 1 e-tree 

ar gil la' ceous 

ben c fi' cial 

bail' i wick 

bi tu' mi nous 


* The u in buoyancy is a consonant, and has the sound of w. 
f For the e silent, in such words as this, see note, page 45. 

\ For the sound of gli like/, see Exercise 145, page 50. 











SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER 157 


soi ree' 

EXEUCISE 4 8 3. 

belles-let' tres 

an$ il' ia ry 

(swd ra !) 

(bel let' ter ) 

ar' mil la ry 

sphinx 

bo' re as 

cal is then' ies 

pann' ier 

can' til late 

ghican'er y 

tin*' key§ 

cap-a-pie' 

cor' ol la ry 

af freight' 

car' a way 
car nel' ian 

di a pa' §on 

bas' file 

el e cam pane' 

bay'ou 

cor' al lite 

e phem' e ra 

bijou' 

coun' ter feit 

es' pi on age 

(be zhoo') 

croc' o dile 

eu lo' gi um 

ca' lyx 

cyl' in der 

ev a nes' cent 

de' potf 

de vel' op 

fos' sil iz ed 

col lapse' 

dy nam' ics 

ho me op' a thy ) 

dig' it 

ep' i tapli 

ho moe op' a thy ( 
ho me o path' ic \ 

crap' per 

eq' ui page 

cut' lass 

em ploy e' 

ho moe o path' ic j 

ben' zine 

i: X E It CIS E 48 4. 

far' ri er 

def a ma' tion 

dis train' 

cpu' ri er 

in flam ma' tionf 

de dace' 

flag 'eo let 

an' a gram 

ob tuse' 

frank in' cense 

pro' grammef 

em boss' 

Hot' ten tot 

I sos' ce leg 

faa' cet 

liy e' na 

lin' sey-wool sey 

flip' pant 

hi a' tus 

Med l ter ra' ne an 

gal loon' 

hy drau' lies 

met a mor' pho sis 

her' on 

irn pan'el 

no men clat' ure 

laun' dry 

in' ya lid* 

os cil la' tion 

lack' ey 

in val' id 

par al lei' o gram 

cop'sy 

hoi' i day* 

pa ral' y sis 

neigh' ing 

ho' ly-day 

pe cun' ia ry 

os' trich 

re ere ate'* 

per ti na' cious 

on' slauglit 

rec' re ate 

fo li a' ceous 


* Notice, in these words, in'valid , inval'id, etc., the differences in mean¬ 
ing , indicated by differences in pronunciation. 

f Notice that inflammation and programme, unlike inflame and anagram, 
retain both the irds of the original words whence they are derived. Com¬ 
pare note on page 153. 














158 SANDERS’ U N I O N 

S F E E LER. 


EXE It C IS E 

4 8 6. 

pail' fuls 

in' ter stice 

pliar ma geil' tic 

par' rot 

jol' li ty 

})yr o tech' nics 

pen' non 

j ui' ci ness 

re sus' ci tate 

plant' ain 

ker' o sene 

reg i ta five' 

jiorii ' mel 

lab' y rintli 

sphe rig' i ty 

})ot' sherd 

letli' ar gy 

stu j)e fac' tion 

she})' herd 

lo gi' cian 

ste' re o scope 

prom' ise 

mal fea' sance 

ter res' tri al 

qua drille' 

mel' ior ate 

vi vag' i ty 

rogu' ish 

mar' i time 

zo o log' ic al 

sa' tyr 

mas qwer ade' 

a be ce da' ri an 

spher' ule* 

al le' giance 

ac a de mi' cian 

stan' gluon 

I tal' ic 

am mu ni' tion 

strycli' nine 

Mieh'ael mas 

an nex a' tion 

vign ette' (yet) 

mil' li ner 

an tig i pa' tion 

venge' ance 

ver ba' tim 

bel la don' na 


EX E It CIS E 

48 6. 

trunn' ion 

vend'i ble 

each in na' tion 

to' ])az 

sal' a ble 

cag' u ist ry 

syr' inge 

tyr' an nous 

ca tas' tro })he 

sur tout' 

um bra' geous 

cen trif' u gal 

sou ghong' 

tre })an' ning 

cen trip' e tal 

sleigh' ing 

te na' cious 

guilt' i ly 

sar' di'ne 

tes ta' ceous 

de cen' ni al 

sap' phire 

syn' the sis 

ve ne' re al 

(*"/' 

Syr' i an 

ar te' ri al 

saf' iron 

syn' a gogue 

val e die' to ry 

sack' but 

sus pi' cion 

tau tol' o gy 

ra gquf 

tac ti' cian 

su }ier cil' i ous 

purs' lain 

sur' cin gle 

sac ri le' gious 

pul' ley§ 

sur veil' lance 

ir re lig' ions 

re cede'f 

an te cede' 

con trol' la ble 

ex.ceed'f 

su })er sede' 

con sol a ble' 


" What is the meaning of the suffix vie? See Exercise 454, page 143. 
f Tn exceed, proceed , and succeed, the radical part is written ceed, while 
in recede and other words from the same root, it is always written cede. 



















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 159 



EXERCISE 

4 S 7. 

prov' ost 

i' ci cle 

sep' a ra ble 

pres' tige 

suav'ity 

pro pi' ti ate 

pou drette' 

sub' tie tv 

prop a gan' dist 

pla card' 

(sut' l ty) 

pred e ces' sor 

par terre' 

ste've dore 

pol y pet' al ous 

of fense' 

stud'y ing 

phre nol' o gy 

O 11JX 

sin' ew y 

phil o pe' na 

lies' cience 

She ki' nah 

or' tho e py 

na' iad 

ces sa' tion 

o le ag' i nous 

in' nate 

se ces' sion 

om niv' o rous 

jug'gler 

Sad' du cec 

night' in gale 

hal loo' 

rogu' er y 

Nic a ra' gua 

gun' wale 

r/iyfh' mic ai 

mu nig' i pal 

gram' mar 

res tau rant' 

met a phyg' ics 
me dig' i nal 

stam' mer 

{res to rang') 

gauz' y 

ac qui es$e' 

meag' ur a bly 

gawk' y 

ap' o gee 

le vi' a than 


EXERCISE 

48 8. 

g/iost' 1 y 

ag' gran dize 

liq ue fac' tion 

ga zelle' 

ad ver tige' 

lab' o ra to ry 

en core' 

an' gli cize 

I so therm' al 

(png Jwr ') 

ap' o tlieym 

jux ta po §i' tion 
in ter mit' tent 

clis seize' 

ap' pe tite 

dra-eli' ma 

aq' ui line 

in de struc' ti ble 

cro gliet' {slid) 

ar' go sy 

in al' ien a ble 

crotch' et 

ar' mis tice 

Mis sis sip' pi 

cov'ey 

as bes' tine 

nee' ro man cy 

cool' ly 

at tri' tion 

ob seen'ity 

coo' ly ) 

bil' let dqux 

pan a ce' a 

coo' lie j 

(bitC le doo) 

pen ny roy' al 
per i hel' ion 

bom' byx 

cap u ghin' 

big' muth 

co la' tion 

plian tag ma go' ri a 

bil' ions 

col la' tion 

phle bot' o my 

bat' tling 

co quet' tisli* 

phyg i ol' o gy 

fat' ling 

sug gest' ive 

prep a ra' tion 

* Why is the t doubled in coquettish , and 
VII, page 61; also Rule VIII, page 63. 

not in suggestive? See Rule 






























16Q^ SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


trel' lis 

EXERCISE 489 

her' o ine 

• 

mal' le a ble 

treil' lage 

hel' le bore 

p sy chol' o gy 

wee' vil 

eu' pho ny 
lia rangu' ing 

e ras'i ble 

ast/d ma 

cat' er pil lar 

gua' no 

be' he moth 

cas' so wa ry 

(gad' no) 

ar raiyn' ment 

ac cor' di on 

whin' ock 

ar te' gian 

iE o' li an 

ye dette' 

at' ti tude 

me lo' de on 

ve neer' 

be at' i tude 

prom' is so ry 

sor' tie 

con du' cive 

ra ti og i na' tion 

haw' thorn 

con clu' sive 

sc/iig mat' ic al 

qui' nine 

cor du roy' 

si de' re al 

py' tlion 

ere'o sote 

sen ior' i ty 

pyr' r/iic 

mne mon' ies* 

sub ter i*a' ne ous 

punch' eon 

conn' sel or 

ac ri mo' ni ous 

ap' isli 

coun' cil or 

so lil' o quize 


EXERCISE 4 9 0. 

ow' ing 

eave§' drop per 

yeo' man ry 

britz' ska 

ef fer vesce' 

syn ec' do che 

(bris' ha) 

el lip' sis * 

a cat a lee' tic 

bo hea' 

em bra' gure 

ac cla ma' tion 

ca naille' 

ex cheq' wer 

ad sci ti' tious 

co bait' 

an nul' ment 

ac u i' tion 

draughts' man 

ful fill' ment 

Ar e op' a gus 

hough' ed (Jioht) 

as phal' turn 

ho mol' o gous 

ex scind' 

at ta ghe' ( -ska) 

ar ma dil' lo 

fa' cial 

au' gu ry 

as si du' i ty 

fas <pne' 
pag' eant 

au spi ceg 

as sim' i late 

ax' i om 

a da' gi o 

pi' brocli 

max' i mum 

al' le go ry 

pre' cincts 

bag a telle' 

an ach' ro nigm 

pro' logue 

Bed' pu ms 

an no ta' tion 

spe' cieg 

berg' a mot 

an te di lu' vi an 

spike' nard 

bob bin et' 

an tith' e sis 


* Names of sciences ending in ics (see Exercise 451, page 142), are, in 
form and in fact, plurals , though, in present usage, mostly treated as singular. 
Some of them, however, as logic , arithmetic , still retain the singular form. 













SANDERS’ UNION 

SPELLER. S$1 

te' trareh 

EXERCISE 

cen' o taph 

49 1. 

eha lyb' e ate 

ty phoon' 

Gen o ege'"* 

char i ot eer' 

vac'§ine 

ehi me' ra 

cor' al li form 

icrink' led 

chic' co ry 

Cin cin na' ti 

y clep' ed 
ep' i logue 

daf' fo dil 

chi rog' ra phy 

del' e ble 

col lo' qui al 

es' say ist 

in del' i ble 

Con nect' i cut 

ed' dy ing 

de ri' sive 

cy lin' dric al 

em' bry o 

co er' cive 

de lir' i ous 

ex' tir pate 

der' ni er 

deg ra da' tion 

far' ci cal 

des' ic cate 

des e era' tion 

fl bril' lous 

ves 'i cate 

dis si pa' tion 
dis ci plin a' ri an 

fil' i gree 

di' o cese 

fla min' go 

quin tes' sence 

di sliev' el ed 

fi na' le 

pu tres' cence 

e clair' cisse ment 

fruit' er er 

pu is' sance 

myr' tle-ber ry 

fu ga' cious 

E X E R CI s E 

dog' ger el 

49 2. 

ef ilo res' cence 

fI la'ceous 

em' a natc 

en cy clo pe' di a 

fur' be low 

e lim' i nate 

e pipli' a ny 

Ga la' tiang 

es cutch' eon 

per ceiv' a ble 

gal' ax y 

A 1 ge fine' 

re priev' a ble 

gib' ber ish 
gri mal' kin 

fen' ci ble 

me te or ol' o gy 

de fen' si ble 

pu tres' ci ble 

hard' i hood 

front' is piece 

sab ba ta' ri an 

hav' er sack 

hip' po drome 
jour' nej r ing 

scur ril' i ty 

har' ass ing 

Sept' u a gint 

Hel' les pont 

Ma' dei ra 

sep ten' ni al 

hem' is tieh 

ma li' cious 

te nail' Ion (- yun ) 

hem' stitch 

marl a' ceous 

tic-dpu' Ipu reuse 

her' e sy 

mar' ghion ess 

u til i ta' ri an 

in i' tial 

min' strei sy 

un par' al lei ed 

of fi' cial 

mis' de toe 

un der pin' ning 


* The ending ese {pertaining to, or native of) is added to names of places 
j to form derivative nouns and adjectives; as, Siamese, pertaining to, or native 
of Siam. If the final letter in the name is a vowel, in the derivative, it is 
j dropped; as, (Vienna+ese) Viennese. 
















16 ‘ 


SANDERS 5 UNION SPELLER. 


EX ER C IS E 49 3. 


lei' sure 1 y 

myr' mi don 

ac ro bat' ic 

lar ghe t' to 
li tig' ious 

ne' o pliyte 

aeh ro mat' ic 

non glia lance' 

ac cel' er ate 

mad' re pore 

main' te nance* 

ac qui es' cing 

mar' tyr dom 
mill ion aire' 

oc' u list 

Am phic' ty ong 

or' ches tra 

an ni lii la' tion 

myr' i ad 

Od' ys sey 

as sas si na' tion 

mil*' ror ed 

oph' tlial my 

cab ri o let' 

nan' sc ate (-she-) 

pa la' tial 

cen' te na ry 

nau' ti lus 

par' ox ygm 

cer ti o ra' ri 

op ti' ciai'i 

skep' ti cigm 

elial ced' o ny 

Or' plie us 

miyn on nette' 

ehro nol' o gy 

plios' phor ous 

(min yon et') 

mat i nee' (-na) 

pa py'rus 

mys' ti cigm 

dis ser ta' tion 

ox' y gen 

om nis' cient 

dig cern' i ble 

or' to lan 

opli' i cleide 

EXERCISE 49 4 

dis ere' tion a ry 

«/ 

• 

par' al lax 

par' lia ment 

cf front' e ry 

par ley ing' 

pep' peridge 

eu roc' ly don 

lev' y ing 

Phryg' i an 

e$ liaust' i ble 

pic a yunc' 

pic tur esque' 

ex sic ca' tion 

pil' la ging 
pit' ted 

pro' te ge (-zhd) 

fac-sim' i le 

mo men' tous 

fas ci na' tion 

pit' i <?d 

pro spec' tus 

gal' li nip per 
lial lu ci na' tion 

Pjt' y mg 

pir ou ette' 

pil' io ry 

pyr' a mid 

ha ber' ge on 

por' phy ry 
preg' i pice 

quar' an tine 

her me neu' tics 

quer' u lous 

guar an tee' ing 

pro ceed' ing 

qul e' tus 

hy per' bo le 

re ced' ing 

ragp' ber ry 

ieh thy ol' o gy 

pro bos' cis 

mer' chan dige 

Im man' u el 

pros' e lyte 

re mit' tance 

hy men e' al 

porte' mon naie 

re mit' tent 

ir re gist' i ble 


* Noto that, in forming maintenance from maintain , ai, in the latter, has 
been changed to e; and that often a medial vowel or diphthong is either 
thus exchanged for some other vowel, or altogether omitted; as, in proc- 
\ tarnation from proclaim , arbitrate, (not arbiterate ), from arbiter. 















SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 


163 


port man' teau (to) 
passe-par touU' 

Gal' i lee 
prec' e dence 
rec' om pense 
re gat' ta 
reg' er voir (vwdr) 
ru bes' cent 
gub poe' na 
sar' do nyx 
sat' ir ist 
som' er sault ] 
soni' er set f 
sep' a rate 
op' er ate 


EXERCISE 

ap pel' lant 
re pel' lent 
sac' ri lege 
os' tra cize 


sham poo' ing 
strat' e gy 
stra te' gic 
sto' i cigm 
spe' cial ty 
stom' a cher 


ae' gis 
ea' glet 
be dim' med 
be grim' ed 
can non ade' 
•ehor' is ter 
cin' na mon 
cic' a trlze 
dis fran' chlge 
cock' a trice 
com' mo dore 


su per vige' 
sym' pho ny 
re ver' sion 


pa tri' cian 
vo li' tion 
ter' mi mis 
la' mi nous 
tete-a-tete' 
tit' il late 
tongue'-tled 
va nil' la 


met a phy §i' cian 
dec a he' dron* 
as a fet' i da ) 
as a foet' i da j 
ne fa' ri ous 
cu ta' ne ous 
dl ar r/ie' a ) 
dl ar rhod' a j 
Pro me' the an 
Si cil' i an 
pro thon' o ta ry 
speg i fi ca' tion 
Terp si-eh' o re 
spon ta ne' i ty 
sag it ta' ri us 


EXERCISE 496. 


ver- ga lieu ) 
ver' ga loo j 
vir' gou leuse 
wasr' on er 


o 


por nn ger 
whirl' i gig 
zig' zag ged 
al' ka line 
am bro' gial 
aph' o rigm 
au' spi ceg 
bac' clia nal 
Beth' pha ge 
co' coa-nut 
col' o cynth 
com' plai gance 
Co los' sus 


al lop' a thy 
an tig i pa' tion 
a jiotli' e ca ry 
as sim i la' tion 
dis sim u la' tion 
Ath e ne' um ) 
Ath e nre' um j 
can thar' i deg 
col lo ca tion 
cor iru co' pi a 
cor rel' a tive 
dl ag no' sis 
del e te' ri ous 
der e lie' tion 
ig nit' i ble 
in diet' a ble 
as sid' u ous 

i 


* Words ending in heclron, hedral, hedrous (from hedra, a Greek word 
signifying a seat, side , or base), are sometimes, though improperly, written 
without the h; a polyedron, tetraedon, etc. See Exercise 28G. 

























164 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

■elms' tew dom 

EXERCISE 4 9 7 

le' o nine 

• 

by potli' e cate 

clair voy' ant 

Lyd' i an 

a chiev' a ble 

co los' sM 

coun ter poige' 

comp trol' ler (-con) 

Co los' sian§ 

cyn' o sure 

em bel' lisli ment 

cu ras' sow 

def' i cit 

in gra' ti ate 

Cza ri' na 

dis em bogue' 

ne go' ti ate 

tat' ting 

mol' li ent 

di a pho ret' ic 

Mat' tliew 

cu'i ras sier' 

hy dran' ge a 

strip' ling 

cat' er waul 

in i' ti ate 

rip' pling 

bron' cbi al 

e nun ci' ate 

whit' tling 

Bo' na parte 

in dig' e nous 

wit' ling 

cau' t'er ize 

yen tril' o quy 

quag' ga 

rec' og nize 

de mar ka' tion } f 

quag' gy 

mar' ble ize* 

de mar ca' tion j 

tag' it ly 

Neph' tlia lim 

pro vbk' a blef 

des' ue tude 

threat' en ing 

prov o ca' tionf 

den' ti frice 

wher ev' er 

rev' o ca ble 

di lem' ma 

EXERCISE 49 8 

where with al' 

• 

an tip' o de§ 

doin' i nie 

tru' cu lent 

fo li a' ceous 

E ne' id 

dow' a ger 

Mag da le' ne 

ex po §e' ysa) 

en tram' mel 

pal' li a tive 

ex' pie tive 

en roll' ment 

mar' riage a ble 

ex' qui §ite 

es cri toire' (-ttvor) 

fer ru' gi nous 

fla gi' tious 

Es' qui mau$ 

in ef' fa ble 

ju di' cious 

(Es' he moz) 

in fal' li ble 

gar' ri son 

fa ri' na 

in oc' u late 

gloss' a ry 

fi nan cier' 

ir i des' cent 

for' feit ure 

hi a' tus 

ir rep' a ra ble 

moun tain eer' 

by' a cinfh 

in a ni' tion 

hal berd ier' 

im' mi nent 

in sid' i ous 

mu le teer' 

em' i nent 

o vip' a rous 

hare' lip ped 

jag'u ar 

lu gu' bri ous 

hair'-dress er * 

ju' gu lar 

leg' is la tive 

* Marbleize is formed from marble and ize, but without dropping the e 

in marble, according to Rule X, page 67. 

f Notice the interchange of c and k in these words. 













SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 165 


EXERCISE 40 9. 


guil' le mot 

con nec' tionf 

mo not' o nous 

Hab' ak kuk 

com plex' ion 

ol fac' to ry 
oc ten' ni al 

liar' le quin (-kin) 

lith' o graph 

lia' zel-nut 

moi' e ty 

pen in' su la 

im' mi grant 

ex po se' (-za) 

zig' zag ger y 

em' i grant 

naught' i ness 

a cot y le' don 

me men' tog 

non pa red' 

an ses thet' ic 

su per car' goes* 

or' re ry 

ap o the' o sis 

Ot' to mang 

o ver-rate' 

an thel min' tic 

syn' co pe 

par' a phrase 

ar elite ol' o gy 

pa la' ver 

pha' e ton 

ap' o plex y 

pel lu' cid 

pho' to graph 
pin' a fore 

dys' en ter y 

phleg mat' ic 

preg' by ter y 

pick' er el 

pome gran' ite 

hi e ro glyph' ies 

pie' o nagm 

por' trait ure 

hy dro path' ic 
al lo path' ic 

• 

por' ce lain 

choc' o late 

EXE R C IS E 5 00 

pos til' ion 

prom e nade' 

phos phor es'cence 

mo dill' ion 

Pyth' i an 

Ptol e ma' ic 

pre ced' ing 

re veil' le (-yd) 

cor rod' i ble 

ex ceed' ing 

re splen' dence 

ep' i lep sy 
e qui noc' tial 

pro ced' ure 

at tend' ance 

ad her' ing 

round' de lay 

ex' pi a to ry 

en dear' ing 

sele rot' ic 

gul li bil' i ty 

ag' gre gate 

se di' tious 

in fin i tes' i mal 

am' phi brach 

sus pi' cious 

mer e tri' cious 

an cho' vy 

syz' y gy 

per cep' ti ble 

ancli' or age 

sue' cu lence 

pat ro nym' ic 

as cen' sion 

an' nu lar 

tit il la' tion 

de ten' tion 

aph' yl lous 

vil' i fy ing 

ban dit' ti 

A pol' lo 

A pol' ly on 
a cerb' i ty 

be sieg' ing 

ap' o logue 

chin chil' la 

re ceipt' ed 

an a con' da 

ehro mat' ic 

un yield' ing 

a poc' ry phal 


* For the plural of words ending in o, see Exercise 241, page 13, and 
the note there. 

f On the spelling of this word, see Exercise 278, page 85. 














166 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

stel' lu lar 

EXERCISE SOI 

tlie' o rize 

• 

as cer tain' ing 

glian de lier' 

im pro vise' 

bri tan' ni a 

cor' lie a 

crin' o line 

cat' a lep sy 

co quet' ry 

ex cig' ion* 

cir cu' i tons 

cor' pus gle 

re scis' gion* 

clias tig' a ble 

sehoi' ar ly 
dis pers' ing 

scis' gorg* 

con de seen' sion 

era' ci ble 

cor rob o ra' tion 

dis burs' ing 

cyn' ic al 

cor y phe' us 

co er' cing 

Phi lip' pi 

cru ci fix' ion 

ef' fi gy 

in wrap' ped 

per' emp to ry 
e lie' it ing 

pan' ere as 

r/fiz' o pod 

mouff' Ion 

e' qui poige 

en gi neer' ing 

e quer' ry ) 

es pou§' al 

fin an cier' ing 

eq' ue ry j 

bel-es priP (-pree) 

ex' cel len cy 

en fi lade' 

bom ba zine' ) 

ex lm ma' tion 

e rag' ure 

bom ba gine' j 

ca pa§' i tate 


EXERCISE SO 2. 


es chew' ed 

U lys' seg 

E papli ro di' tus 

re view' ed 

gon do lier' 

en deav' or ing 

sub du' ed 

grass' hop per 

dis sev' er in^ 

mir' a cle' 

liarp' si chord 

in' no ceil cy 

myr' i areli 

hec' a toni6 

leg er de main' 

fore run' ner 

he})' tareli y 

me tron' o my 

gi raffe' 

hy ge' ian 

jail' i za ry 

Oa' ia phas 

ir' ri gate 

oph thal' mi a 

smell'-lessf 

isl' and er 

per ad vent' ure 

gut' tur al 

jac' o net 

phra ge ol' o gy 

he gi' ra 

Ger' ge seneg 

pick' a nin ny 

pur vey'or 

in er' ti a 

seign eu' ri al 

ho' gier y 

lieu ten' ant 

fi du' ci a ry 

hun' gri ly 

mag' er ate 

su per an' nu a ted 

liy' dro gen 

ma rau' der 

ve ne sec' tion 

horn' o nvm 

ne phrit' ic 

per i pa tet' ic 


* The radical parts c is ion in decision, and scission in rescission are from 
different roots, or different forms of the same root. From the latter we 
get, also, scissors {cutters), scissnre , abscission, and some others, 
f For words of this class, see Rule IX, with the note on page GG. 













SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 167 


EXERCISE 5 0 3. 


mil' le ped ) * 

oc' ci put 

pa rish' ion er 

mil' le pede j 

o' ce lot 

pe ti' tion er 

es sen' tialg 

o ver-run' 

mil le na' ri an 

im pilin' ing 

me phit' ic 

tlian a top' sis 

per' qui gite 

tray' ers ins; 

syc' o plian cy 

Ca' naan ite 

ut' ter most 

si mul ta' lie ous 

sew' er age 

se ced' er 

sym met' ric al 

de mul' cent 

shad' ow ing 

syn co pa' tion 

sha moy' ing 

ser ra' tion 

text' u a ry 

shor' ling 

sem' a phore 

Ar is ti' deg 

Shi' loh 

Ten' e riffe 

seq ues tra' tion 

shin' ney 

yt' tri nm 

ser' i cult ure 

spin' ach | 

wain' scot ing 

ther mom' e ter 

spin' age j 

synch' ro nigm 

the od' o lite 

Ses os' tris 

tour' na ment 

the o lo' gi an 

A chil' leg 

sur' feit ed 

EXERCISE 5 04 

u biq' ui feus 

• 

sed' litz 

so bri quet' (-Jed) 

ac' cli ma ted 

syn' o nym 
vi$' i nage 

A1 might' y 

a mal' gam ate 

An' ti christ 

af fa bil' i ty 

mos qwi' to 

ar' go riant 

at trib' u ta ble 

urn bra' geous 

at' mos phere 

bl og' ra ph}^ 

unct' u ous 

philo gis' ton 

bl en' ni al 

syn op' sis 

et' a gere (- zhdr ) 

qua ter' ni on 

sta tis' tics 

like' li hood 

con sail guin' i ty 

skel' e ton 

Bab' y Ion 

cor ru ga tion 

scar' i fy 

bal' us ter 

con tro ver' sial 

ter' ri er 

ca taw' ba 

de fal ca' tion 

sti let' to 

cal a boose' 

de clam' a to ry 

ad' ju tant 

Xen' o phon 

in flam' ma to ry 

a pliel' ion 

e§ am' ine 

civ' il iz ed 

ar' ro gant 

fil' li beg 

e lec trig' i ty 

ar' chi trave 

tram' mel ing 

mulct' u a ry 

at' ro phy 

fic ti' tious 

mul ti plig' i ty 


* Words ending in ped (Latin pes } pedis, a foot), are sometimes written 
with a final e, as millepede. The best authorities, however, write them all 
without the e, like biped and quadruped. See Exercise 2S6, page 87. 










108 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

brig' an tine 

El ER C IS E 5 0 

fan dan' go 

5. 

in ex' o ra ble 

ein' na bar 

hem' or r/ioidg 

in i ti a' tion 

cop' y ist 

horse' whip ping 
ho gan' na 

in stan ta' ne oas 

dis ere' tion 

i tin' er a cy 
dal cam' a ra 

di gres' sion 

jan'itor 

dig gern' ment 

leg' i ble 

ex e get' ic al 

dal' ci mer 

mag' net ism 

ex tra' ne ous 

ex' pi ate 

me theg' lin 

gen e al' o gy 

el' e pliant 

musk' mel on 

lieb doin' a dal 

fal set' to 

im brue' ment 

si le' si a 

fbag' i ble 

un tru' ly 

Mel ehig' e dec 

as' tra gal 

re glier ghe' 

Ar chi me' deg 

bal' us trade 

(ruh slier slid') 

con vey' ing 

con sum' mate 

col' -ehi chum 

in veigh' ing 

glyg' er ine 
id' i o cy 

par' q^et ry 

hy drom' e ter 

Sis' y plius 

hi her' ni an* 

pil la' ger 

EXERCISE 50 

fa gil lade' ' 

G. 

laz a ret' to 

prej' u dice 

mis' cliiev ous 

lo co mo' tion 

se ragl' io 

na' ive te (-id) 

may' or al ty 
e qai lib' ri um 
eq' ui ta ble 

reg' i men 

Nin' e veil 

ret' ro cede 

nu' cle us 

pem' mi can 

o' gre ish 

pliil o me' la 

lorgn ette' {-yet) 

out ra' geous 

tra pe' zi um 

llii' ma 

off' set ting 

tra ge' di an 

Mes si' all 

pam plilet eer' 

dem a gog' ic 

eu pep'sy 

pan the' on 

tran scend ent' al 

feud' al igm 

pass' o ver 

Mit y le' ne 

fort' night 

per sim' moil 

po tas' si um 

pyr' rho nigm 

pec' ca ry 

reg ur rec' tion 

clilo' ride* 

pend' u lam 

ca mel' o pard 

i' o dine* 

post' ha moas 

tri um' vi rate 

cro quet' {-led) 

sc/dg mat' ic 

som nam' bu ligm 

* Chloride and iodine are representatives of a 

class of chemical terms, in 

respect to which usage 

has been variable; most 

of them having been for- 

merly writtenwithout the e final. The e is now 

generally retained in them 

all, except the word tannin. See Exercise 286, 

page 87. 














SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 169 

SECTION XXIV. 

CAPITAL LETTERS. 

1. The first word of every sentence should begin with a 
capital ; as, Wisdom is better than rubies. 

2. The first word of every line of poetry should begin 
with a capital; as, 

“Farewell ray friends! farewell my foes 1 

My peace with these, my love with those.”— Burns. 

3. I and O, when used as words, should be capitals ; as, 
I said I will be wise. 0 ye simple, understand wisdom. 

4. Every name of the Deity should begin with a capital; 
as, God, Jehovah , the Almighty. 

5. Every proper name should begin with a capital ; as, 
Solomon , London. 

6. Titles of office and honor should begin with capitals ; 
as, Chief Justice Hale , Louis the Bold. 

7. The chief words in the titles of boohs should begin 
with capitals ; as, Pope’s Essay on Man. 

8. Names of things personified, should begin with cap¬ 
itals ; as, 

“ When Music, heavenly maid, was young.”— Collins. 

9. Words derived from proper names commonly begin 
with capitals ; as, American, Newtonian. 

10. Any word denoting a thing of special importance, 
may begin with a capital; as, He supported the Reform Bill. 

PAUSES AND OTHER MARKS USED IN WRITING. 

The Comma ( * ) denotes the shortest pause ; the Semi¬ 
colon (;) a pause double that of the comma ; the Colon 
( : ) a pause double that of the semicolon ; and the Period 
( . ) a pause double that of the colon. 

The Interrogation point (!) denotes that a question 
is asked ; as, What is truth ? 

The Exclamation point (! ) denotes some strong or sud¬ 
den emotion of the mind ; as, 0 death ! where is thy sting ! 














170 SANDERS’ UNION SPELLER. 

The Dash (— ) denotes a sudden pause or change of 
subject. 

The Parenthesis [ () ] is used to include an explanatory 
sentence. 

The Brackets ( [ ] ) are used to include words that serve 
to explain the preceding word or sentence ; as, Newton [the 
Philosopher], teas a great Astronomer. 

The Quotation ( ii 99 ) is used to include a passage that 
is taken from some other author ; as, “ Know thyself.” 

The Apostrophe ( 9 ) denotes the possessive case ; as, 
John's hat ; or the omission of one or more letters of a 
word ; as, us’d for used. 

The Ellipsis (-) denotes that some letters in a word 

are omitted ; as L - d for Lord. 

The Hyphen ( - ) is used to connect compound v/ords ; 
as, land-marlc ; also, to mark the division of a word. 

The Caret ( ^ ) is used to show that something has been 

r is 

omitted through mistake ; thus, Chales ; Virtue amiable. 

, A A 

The Section ( § ) is used to divide a book or chapter 
into parts. 

The Paragraph (% ) denotes the beginning of a new 
subject. 

The Index or hand ( ) points out a paragraph, which 

is to be particularly observed. 

The Asterisk ( * ), the Obelisk ( f), the Double Dagger 
( X ), the Parallel ( ]j ), and sometimes letters and figures, 
are used to refer the reader to notes in the margin, or at 
the bottom of the page. 

The Brace ( ^—. ) is used to connect several words with 

one common term. 

The Diieresis (**) is placed over the latter of two vowels, 
to show that they belong to two distinct syllables ; thus, 
orthoepy. 
























. 




\ 


















\ v. 



library of congress 


'll 111 


AMERICAN EDUCATI 

a complete cot 0 003 330 713 5 

(radical airb Jlragrrssik Ccrt-|ioohs. 

PUBLISHED BY 

nmm, mmmi, bmijmm & 

48 A 50 WALKER STREET, NEW YORK. 





SANDERS’ NEW SERIES OF READERS. 

NEWLY ELECTROTYPED.-NEW AND ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS. 


THE MOST FULL, COMPLETE, AND PERFECTLY GRADED SERIES OF 


READERS NOW BEFORE THE PUBLIC kf.tail 

PltlCE 

PRIMARY HAND CARDS, 0 in a Set.per Set 

PRIMARY SCHOOL CHARTS, Large, for the School-Room. 8 Nos. 

4 cards.per Set 


NEW SPELLER, DEFINER, AND ANALYZER. 

PRIMARY SPELLER. 

PICTORIAL PRIMER. (Green covers.) Newly Illustrated. 

GERMAN AND ENGLISH PICTORIAL PRIMER. 

NEW FIRST READER. Newly illustrated. 

NEW SECOND READER. “ “ .. 

NEW THIRD READER “ “ . . 

NEW FOURTH READER. . 

FIFTH READER.. 

HIGH SCHOOL READER. 

YOUNG LADIES’ READER. 

SCHOOL SPEAKER. 52S pp.. 

ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH WORDS. 

ELOCUTIONARY CHART.. 

ganders’ Union 

SANDERS’ UNION READER, NUMBER ONE. SO Pages. 

SANDERS’ UNION READER, NUMBER TWO. 188 Pages. 

SANDERS’ UNION READER, NUMBER THREE. 256 Pages. 

SANDERS’ UNION READER, NUMBER FOUR. J?i pres* . 

SANDERS’ RHETORICAL, or UNION READER, NO. FIVE. 

ISF” most liberal terms for first supplies, for introduction, anA 
Specimen Copies for examination. Descriptive Catalogue and 
“ Educational Circular ” sent pre-paid , on application. 


























































